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增量(liang)配(pei)電改(gai)革從哪里突(tu)破？筆者認為，應該首先突(tu)破電源接入方面的“紅(hong)線(xian)”。

試點項目內不得以(yi)常規機組(zu)(zu)“拉(la)專(zhuan)線”的方(fang)式(shi)向(xiang)用(yong)戶直(zhi)接(jie)供電(dian)，不得依托常規機組(zu)(zu)組(zu)(zu)建局域網、微電(dian)網，不得依托自備電(dian)廠(chang)建設增量(liang)配電(dian)網，禁止以(yi)任何方(fang)式(shi)將公用(yong)電(dian)廠(chang)轉為自備電(dian)廠(chang)。現階段(duan)不允許(xu)增量(liang)配網直(zhi)接(jie)接(jie)入電(dian)源。這(zhe)些規定可能主要出于兩點顧慮：一是不能形(xing)成“發配售(shou)一體化(hua)”壟斷；二是不能逃避(bi)社會責任。對此，筆(bi)者(zhe)有(you)如下理解。

對于“試點(dian)項(xiang)目內不得(de)以(yi)(yi)常規(gui)機組‘拉專線‘的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)向用(yong)戶(hu)直接(jie)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)”。這里(li)“試點(dian)項(xiang)目內”有(you)兩(liang)種情況：常規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源在試點(dian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)內的(de)(de)情況或是常規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源在試點(dian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)外(wai)的(de)(de)情況。在這兩(liang)種情況下，常規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源都可以(yi)(yi)通過“點(dian)對網”的(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)向增(zeng)量配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)能，增(zeng)量配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網運營主體在將電(dian)(dian)(dian)能配送給用(yong)戶(hu)。這不存在任(ren)何技術障礙。只要電(dian)(dian)(dian)源與(yu)增(zeng)量配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網是兩(liang)個(ge)無股(gu)權關系的(de)(de)獨立法人(ren)單位，就可有(you)效避免(mian)形成“發(fa)配售(shou)一體化”壟(long)斷(duan)局(ju)面，也有(you)效避免(mian)了公用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)轉自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)的(de)(de)情況。

對(dui)于(yu)“不(bu)得(de)依(yi)托(tuo)常(chang)規(gui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)組(zu)建局域網(wang)(wang)(wang)、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，不(bu)得(de)依(yi)托(tuo)自(zi)(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠建設(she)增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)”。這(zhe)條規(gui)定(ding)不(bu)嚴(yan)格。“依(yi)托(tuo)常(chang)規(gui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)、依(yi)托(tuo)自(zi)(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠”中(zhong)的“依(yi)托(tuo)”是何含義、如(ru)何評(ping)判？如(ru)果是按照常(chang)規(gui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)或自(zi)(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)在增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試點總用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)規(gui)模(mo)的占(zhan)比(bi)大(da)小(xiao)作為評(ping)價(jia)標準，完全可(ke)以提(ti)出這(zhe)個評(ping)價(jia)標準的具體數值，如(ru)常(chang)規(gui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)（或自(zi)(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠）向增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)年(nian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)占(zhan)比(bi)低于(yu)增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)年(nian)總供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的50%、60%等。增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的其(qi)他電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)來(lai)源包括上級公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)、增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內部和外部的可(ke)再生能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。甚至(zhi)也(ye)都可(ke)以規(gui)定(ding)這(zhe)些類來(lai)源的具體量(liang)化指標。這(zhe)會極(ji)大(da)提(ti)高政策(ce)的可(ke)操作性。相關(guan)政策(ce)應旗幟鮮明地強調(diao)鼓勵在局域網(wang)(wang)(wang)和微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內大(da)力發(fa)展新能源和可(ke)再生能源發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

對于(yu)現階段不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)網直接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。后有(you)(you)關部(bu)門澄清，是指不(bu)允(yun)許(xu)增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網直接(jie)接(jie)入(ru)常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。如果(guo)在增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試點(dian)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)區域內部(bu)就有(you)(you)常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源，且增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)試點(dian)的用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)規模足夠用于(yu)消納常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)，那(nei)何必(bi)非要上(shang)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線先升(sheng)壓接(jie)入(ru)上(shang)級大網再降壓送到增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網？既浪費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能，又不(bu)合常理。

不允許接入常規電源(yuan)，很多增量配電網將(jiang)很難(nan)建立起(qi)一種與地(di)方(fang)經濟(ji)融合(he)更緊(jin)密更協同的電能保障新模式。

首(shou)先，擁(yong)有可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)保障(zhang)是(shi)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網穩(wen)定(ding)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠靈(ling)活運行(xing)的(de)(de)物理前提。在此方面，常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)很難被分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)其他電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)所替代的(de)(de)。一個(ge)沒有常規電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)是(shi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)保障(zhang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，其運行(xing)穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)、可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)及靈(ling)活性(xing)都存在很大風(feng)險。如果增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)僅僅是(shi)上級大電(dian)(dian)(dian)網，就會出現(xian)“將自己(ji)的(de)(de)命(ming)運交到別人手里”的(de)(de)局面，很難享受電(dian)(dian)(dian)網權利，只是(shi)個(ge)“電(dian)(dian)(dian)網形態的(de)(de)大用(yong)戶(hu)”而已。

其次，擁有(you)可(ke)靠電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)保(bao)障也(ye)是(shi)形(xing)成增(zeng)(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區域內電(dian)(dian)(dian)力成本洼地的(de)關(guan)鍵之一(yi)。優化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)組(zu)合，是(shi)每一(yi)個增(zeng)(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)都要(yao)考慮(lv)的(de)核心問題(ti)之一(yi)。在(zai)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格核定之后(hou)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)價(jia)格是(shi)決定到戶電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)因(yin)素。通過(guo)常(chang)規(gui)與分(fen)(fen)布式可(ke)再生(sheng)能源(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)優化(hua)組(zu)合，形(xing)成對不同負(fu)荷特性(xing)(xing)和用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量用(yong)戶的(de)不同價(jia)格套(tao)餐，可(ke)以(yi)更充分(fen)(fen)發揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)引導作(zuo)用(yong)，提高實(shi)體(ti)經(jing)濟與電(dian)(dian)(dian)能保(bao)障的(de)協同水平，為增(zeng)(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)企(qi)業開展其他(ta)增(zeng)(zeng)值服務奠定基礎(chu)。因(yin)此，接入常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)可(ke)持(chi)續發展的(de)經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)基礎(chu)。

第三(san)，完(wan)全可(ke)(ke)以通過科學監管和(he)(he)規(gui)則(ze)(ze)完(wan)善，防(fang)范和(he)(he)消除由增量(liang)配電網接(jie)入常(chang)規(gui)電源可(ke)(ke)能產(chan)生的問題(ti)，特別是(shi)逃避(bi)社(she)會責任的可(ke)(ke)能性。既想(xiang)(xiang)進入市場，分享改(gai)革紅(hong)利與市場紅(hong)利，無論是(shi)具(ju)有(you)自備電廠的企(qi)業，還是(shi)想(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)入增量(liang)配電網的常(chang)規(gui)電源，就必須接(jie)受規(gui)則(ze)(ze)和(he)(he)法(fa)規(gui)政(zheng)策的約束，是(shi)一(yi)定要做(zuo)出“權力讓渡”的，否則(ze)(ze)，它們也沒有(you)資(zi)格(ge)獲(huo)得紅(hong)利。“進不去門，拿不到數據”的現(xian)象肯定有(you)多重(zhong)方法(fa)和(he)(he)措施能夠解(jie)決的，就看(kan)政(zheng)府(fu)想(xiang)(xiang)不想(xiang)(xiang)愿不愿這樣做(zuo)了。

筆(bi)者認為，是否允(yun)許常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)入(ru)增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)應該區分具體情(qing)況對待，不能(neng)“一刀切”。增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)至(zhi)少應滿足(zu)以下條件后，才可被允(yun)許接(jie)入(ru)常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)源：一是在能(neng)力(li)方面，增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)有與(yu)接(jie)入(ru)常(chang)規(gui)電(dian)(dian)源相匹配(pei)(pei)的(de)調度(du)控制(zhi)能(neng)力(li)、技術能(neng)力(li)和管(guan)理(li)體系，編制(zhi)有應對常(chang)規(gui)機組退出的(de)預案；二(er)是在體量方面，增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)負荷與(yu)電(dian)(dian)量需求足(zu)夠大，常(chang)規(gui)機組故障、退出后，增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)運行不會受到嚴重影響。

與其說(shuo)(shuo)允不(bu)允許增量(liang)配電網(wang)接常規電源(yuan)是維護(hu)市場公(gong)平，避免相關(guan)逃避社會責任，還不(bu)如說(shuo)(shuo)這(zhe)是一個完善(shan)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)念、優化(hua)監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)手段、提高監(jian)(jian)管(guan)(guan)效能(neng)的(de)重要命題。

既然增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)革是一項極(ji)富創新性、挑戰性和(he)(he)突(tu)破性的(de)改(gai)革任務，相關政策(ce)制定單(dan)位就(jiu)應該(gai)多(duo)從科學監管(guan)與(yu)規則完(wan)善(shan)思考和(he)(he)開(kai)展(zhan)工作(zuo)，避免“一刀切(qie)”式的(de)管(guan)理。既然增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)是“電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)”，就(jiu)應該(gai)享受電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)權利，履行電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)責(ze)任。如果(guo)還(huan)(huan)將(jiang)其按照“電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)形態的(de)大(da)用戶”對待(dai)，劃很多(duo)條“紅線”，那還(huan)(huan)不如暫時延緩這項改(gai)革任務。筆者堅信(xin)，政府不會(hui)(hui)讓(rang)市場失(shi)去信(xin)心(xin)(xin)，不會(hui)(hui)讓(rang)投資方失(shi)去信(xin)心(xin)(xin)，也不會(hui)(hui)讓(rang)廣大(da)用戶失(shi)去信(xin)心(xin)(xin)。