无码日韩精品一区二区免费暖暖,久久精品国产精品亚洲,开心播播网,女人床技48动态图,国产精品无码免费专区午夜

鼓勵社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本有序(xu)投資(zi)(zi)、運營增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網是我國(guo)新一輪電(dian)力體制(zhi)改革的(de)重要(yao)內容之一。合(he)(he)理(li)的(de)增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網定(ding)(ding)價機(ji)制(zhi)是實現合(he)(he)理(li)引導和促進(jin)社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本投資(zi)(zi)的(de)關鍵。但(dan)目(mu)前我國(guo)增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網配(pei)電(dian)價定(ding)(ding)價機(ji)制(zhi)尚不明確，交叉補貼(tie)的(de)存在與分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源的(de)發(fa)展更給合(he)(he)理(li)定(ding)(ding)價帶來挑戰。本文(wen)在梳理(li)發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家配(pei)電(dian)價定(ding)(ding)價原則，介紹準許收入法、價格上限法和標桿法三種配(pei)網價格形成(cheng)機(ji)制(zhi)，總結發(fa)達(da)國(guo)家分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源定(ding)(ding)價經驗的(de)基礎上，針對增(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網配(pei)電(dian)價定(ding)(ding)價模式(shi)(shi)選擇、如何解決交叉補貼(tie)和分布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)源定(ding)(ding)價問題提(ti)出了(le)三條政策(ce)建議。

一、引言

2015年3月，中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央、國(guo)務(wu)(wu)(wu)院印發(fa)了《關于進一(yi)步(bu)深化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)的(de)若干意見》(中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)[2015]9號)，開啟了新(xin)一(yi)輪(lun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)體(ti)制(zhi)改革(ge)的(de)序幕(mu)。中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)9號文對增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)給予明(ming)確支(zhi)持，“鼓勵社會資(zi)(zi)本投(tou)資(zi)(zi)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)。按照(zhao)有利(li)于促進配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網建設發(fa)展和提(ti)高(gao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)效(xiao)率(lv)的(de)要求，探(tan)索社會資(zi)(zi)本投(tou)資(zi)(zi)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)有效(xiao)途徑。逐步(bu)向符合(he)條件的(de)市場主體(ti)放(fang)(fang)開增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，鼓勵以(yi)混合(he)所(suo)有制(zhi)方(fang)式(shi)發(fa)展配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)”。從“增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)”著(zhu)手放(fang)(fang)開配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)，這(zhe)是(shi)改革(ge)的(de)一(yi)個重要辦(ban)法。增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)通過引入新(xin)的(de)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)主體(ti)，有利(li)于創新(xin)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網定價模式(shi)，提(ti)高(gao)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)和運(yun)(yun)行效(xiao)率(lv)。同時(shi)，增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)業(ye)務(wu)(wu)(wu)還可(ke)以(yi)與分布式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)、微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網等技術相結合(he)，提(ti)高(gao)可(ke)再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)在我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)供(gong)給中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)占比(bi)，降低CO2的(de)排放(fang)(fang)和對化石(shi)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)依(yi)賴(lai)度，這(zhe)也正是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)政(zheng)策(ce)所(suo)倡導的(de)方(fang)向。

目(mu)前(qian)，國家發(fa)展(zhan)改(gai)革委和國家能源(yuan)局已確定(ding)(ding)了延(yan)慶智能配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網等(deng)106個(ge)項目(mu)為第一批增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)業(ye)務改(gai)革試點。但是目(mu)前(qian)增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)業(ye)務定(ding)(ding)價(jia)還沒有(you)出臺細化的指導性(xing)意(yi)見。因此，亟需對增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)業(ye)務定(ding)(ding)價(jia)進行理論分析，確定(ding)(ding)增(zeng)量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)業(ye)務的定(ding)(ding)價(jia)原則和方法，以指導實際工作(zuo)。

二、我國增量配電網配電價定價面臨的挑戰

(一)增量配電網配電定價機制不明確

從2015年(nian)新(xin)一輪電(dian)(dian)改(gai)開(kai)始，我(wo)國(guo)輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)改(gai)革已經(jing)(jing)取得(de)了(le)很大(da)進展，出(chu)臺了(le)《輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)監審辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)(試行)》《省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)(試行)》兩個重(zhong)要文件(jian)，已經(jing)(jing)初步形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了(le)輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)機制(zhi)和監管框架。省(sheng)級輸(shu)(shu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)按(an)照“準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)加合理收(shou)益”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)。成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)監審辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)主(zhu)要是(shi)審核電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業歷史上發生的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，明確(que)哪(na)些成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)能(neng)進入準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)范圍，哪(na)些支出(chu)不能(neng)夠進入。定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)在準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)基礎上，考(kao)慮未來(lai)的(de)(de)新(xin)增(zeng)投(tou)資，明確(que)哪(na)些投(tou)資能(neng)進入準(zhun)許(xu)(xu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，如何提(ti)取收(shou)益。對于權益資本(ben)(ben)(ben)回報率以及債務資本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)回報率怎么定(ding)(ding)(ding)，政(zheng)府投(tou)資、接收(shou)用戶資方投(tou)資的(de)(de)收(shou)益率如何核定(ding)(ding)(ding)，定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)通過比(bi)較統一規范的(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)價(jia)參數給予(yu)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)(文華維，2017)。

在《有(you)序放開配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)業(ye)務管(guan)理辦(ban)法》中提到，增量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)由所(suo)在省(sheng)(區、市)價格主管(guan)部門依據國家輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價改革有(you)關規定(ding)(ding)制定(ding)(ding)，并報(bao)國家發(fa)展改革委備案。這意味著新增配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)如何定(ding)(ding)價雖然可(ke)以(yi)參考已經出臺的省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價定(ding)(ding)價辦(ban)法，但(dan)缺(que)乏可(ke)操作(zuo)性。

《辦法》同(tong)時還提(ti)(ti)到，“在配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)核定(ding)前，暫按售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)公司或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級對(dui)應(ying)的(de)省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)共用網(wang)絡輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)扣減(jian)該(gai)(gai)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級對(dui)應(ying)的(de)省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)共用網(wang)絡輸配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)執行(xing)。”但各(ge)地經濟、地理(li)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)發展水平差(cha)別較大(da)，以一(yi)刀切(qie)的(de)方式確定(ding)價(jia)格(ge)可(ke)能出現即(ji)使增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)以最(zui)高的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)運營(ying)，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)仍無法彌補成(cheng)本的(de)情況(kuang)。例(li)如，安徽省(sheng)大(da)部(bu)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)是(shi)10千伏的(de)，而有(you)些園區(qu)本身接(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級就是(shi)10千伏，沒有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)差(cha)(曾惠娟、劉雪松，2017)。由于(yu)社會資(zi)(zi)本進入(ru)到增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)領(ling)域(yu)是(shi)有(you)盈利(li)要求的(de)，虧(kui)損將降低該(gai)(gai)領(ling)域(yu)對(dui)社會資(zi)(zi)本的(de)吸引力，不利(li)于(yu)放大(da)國有(you)資(zi)(zi)本和提(ti)(ti)升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)的(de)改革(ge)初(chu)衷。

(二)如何處理與增量配電網相關的交叉補貼問題

長期以來(lai)，我國電(dian)價(jia)中的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)數(shu)額巨大(da)且(qie)形式(shi)多(duo)樣(yang)，包括用戶類(lei)型之(zhi)間、電(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級之(zhi)間和地(di)區之(zhi)間等(deng)多(duo)種形式(shi)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)。據葉澤等(deng)(2017)的(de)測算，2016年全(quan)國交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)數(shu)額可達到2072.9億(yi)元，一般工商(shang)業(ye)和大(da)工業(ye)提(ti)供的(de)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)程度(du)(du)分別(bie)為10.87%和6.06%，居(ju)民(min)作為最大(da)的(de)被補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)方享受的(de)補(bu)貼(tie)(tie)程度(du)(du)為21.48%。

由于(yu)銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價本質上是由發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價、輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價、銷售費用(yong)(yong)及其(qi)他稅費構(gou)成的。而(er)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端和銷售端定價市場化程度較(jiao)高，發(fa)(fa)生的交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)補(bu)(bu)貼較(jiao)少，因此(ci)，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價體(ti)系中的交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)補(bu)(bu)貼主(zhu)要(yao)體(ti)現(xian)在輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價上。以目(mu)前(qian)我國已公布的35kV省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價為(wei)例(見圖1)，可看到大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價平均比一般工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)低61%，而(er)一些高耗能(neng)大工(gong)(gong)業(ye)的輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價甚至(zhi)更低，因此(ci)二者間可能(neng)存(cun)在交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)補(bu)(bu)貼。更顯著的應當(dang)是發(fa)(fa)生在居民、農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)與工(gong)(gong)業(ye)、工(gong)(gong)商業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)之間的交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)補(bu)(bu)貼。雖然(ran)目(mu)前(qian)沒有(you)對(dui)居民和農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)單獨測算輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價，但(dan)從其(qi)銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價可看出(chu)隱(yin)含輸配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價低于(yu)實際(ji)成本。

由(you)于存量電(dian)網中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)是包含交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)補貼的(de)(de)(de)，因此，如果(guo)不妥善處(chu)理好增量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網價(jia)格(ge)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)補貼問題，就可能造成同(tong)一地區同(tong)一電(dian)壓等級且同(tong)一類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)因為是否接入(ru)增量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網而面臨不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)補貼額(e)，這將(jiang)造成不公(gong)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)問題。實現對各類(lei)用(yong)戶(hu)公(gong)平(ping)收費需首先摸清交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)補貼情況，將(jiang)暗(an)補變為明補，才能科學(xue)制定增量配(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)格(ge)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)補貼額(e)。

（三)如何應對大量分布式電源和可再生能源接入配電網

隨著傳統(tong)能(neng)源供應的日(ri)漸緊張和環保(bao)壓(ya)力的日(ri)益增大，可再生能(neng)源的開發(fa)(fa)利用受到(dao)越(yue)來越(yue)多的關注和重(zhong)視，與之(zhi)相適應的分布(bu)式發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)技術也經(jing)歷了快速的發(fa)(fa)展，配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網智能(neng)化勢在(zai)必行(xing)。《可再生能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)展“十(shi)三(san)五”規劃》提出，到(dao)2020年，全部可再生能(neng)源的發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)機(ji)要(yao)達到(dao)6.8億(yi)kW，發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量達到(dao)1.9萬(wan)億(yi)kWh，占全部發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的27%。

大規模分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)可(ke)再生能源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)、多(duo)能互(hu)補項目接(jie)(jie)入配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)帶來的(de)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)源(yuan)(yuan)荷一體化會對(dui)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)產生多(duo)種影響(xiang)(鮑虎，2015)，包(bao)括影響(xiang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質量(liang)、影響(xiang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、增(zeng)(zeng)加網(wang)(wang)損等負面影響(xiang)。那么配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業是否(fou)應(ying)(ying)該對(dui)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)帶來的(de)輔(fu)助服務成本收取相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)費用?目前《分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)服務和(he)管理(li)意見》規定(ding)，分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)產生的(de)輔(fu)助服務費用由國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)承擔。隨著大規模分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)和(he)可(ke)再生能源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)(jie)入配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，應(ying)(ying)考(kao)慮對(dui)增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)提供有效的(de)激勵，引導增(zeng)(zeng)量(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)積(ji)極接(jie)(jie)入分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。

另外，如果按照“準(zhun)(zhun)許成本加合理收(shou)益(yi)”的(de)(de)原則定(ding)價，分布式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)通過直(zhi)接向用戶供電(dian)(dian)會減(jian)少增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內的(de)(de)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)量，從而影(ying)響準(zhun)(zhun)許收(shou)入(ru)的(de)(de)回收(shou)。最后，傳統配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)只是實現了電(dian)(dian)能由(you)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)連(lian)接點傳送至最終(zhong)電(dian)(dian)力用戶的(de)(de)單(dan)向過程，因此(ci)可(ke)用簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)郵票法對(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)用進(jin)行(xing)攤派。分布式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)出現后，配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)將(jiang)對(dui)區域內的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和(he)負荷進(jin)行(xing)優化(hua)協調(diao)，配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)潮流情況將(jiang)發生改變，傳統的(de)(de)定(ding)價模式面(mian)臨挑戰(zhan)。

三、發達國家配電價定價經驗

發達國(guo)家(jia)在長期的配電(dian)網定價監(jian)管(guan)實踐中(zhong)，形成了較(jiao)為成熟的監(jian)管(guan)體系和價格形成機制，其交叉(cha)補貼問(wen)題較(jiao)少，分布式電(dian)源定價經(jing)驗較(jiao)為豐富，可供我國(guo)借鑒。

(一)發達國家配電價定價原則

Strbac和(he)Mutale(2005)總(zong)結了英國配(pei)電價(jia)(jia)定價(jia)(jia)原則:1)經濟效率，配(pei)電價(jia)(jia)格反映用(yong)戶給配(pei)網帶來的成本;2)未來投(tou)(tou)(tou)資信號，鼓勵有效投(tou)(tou)(tou)資抑制過度投(tou)(tou)(tou)資;3)滿足收(shou)入要求(qiu)，使(shi)得配(pei)網能(neng)(neng)正常運(yun)營;4)穩定和(he)可(ke)預測的價(jia)(jia)格，使(shi)用(yong)戶能(neng)(neng)做(zuo)出投(tou)(tou)(tou)資決策;5)價(jia)(jia)格制定過程透明、可(ke)審計(ji)且(qie)具有一(yi)致性;6)價(jia)(jia)格具有可(ke)實施(shi)性。

澳大利亞《國家電(dian)(dian)力法》規(gui)定的(de)(de)定價(jia)原則包括:1)價(jia)格體現(xian)提(ti)供(gong)配電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)的(de)(de)長(chang)期邊(bian)際成(cheng)本(ben)。2)從同一類用(yong)戶收(shou)(shou)取的(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)入應(ying)介于獨供(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)與可避免(mian)成(cheng)本(ben)之(zhi)間(jian)。所(suo)謂(wei)獨供(gong)成(cheng)本(ben)是(shi)指不(bu)考慮(lv)其他用(yong)戶，單(dan)獨為(wei)這(zhe)類用(yong)戶新(xin)建(jian)網絡所(suo)需的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben);可避免(mian)成(cheng)本(ben)是(shi)指如果不(bu)供(gong)給這(zhe)類用(yong)戶，電(dian)(dian)網能(neng)節省的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)。3)向個人收(shou)(shou)取的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)費必須反映(ying)總有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)本(ben)，允許(xu)配電(dian)(dian)網回(hui)收(shou)(shou)準許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入，盡量避免(mian)扭(niu)曲有(you)效(xiao)使用(yong)網絡的(de)(de)信號。4)配電(dian)(dian)網運營商應(ying)考慮(lv)變更價(jia)格目(mu)錄可能(neng)對消費者造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)影響。

新(xin)西蘭配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)(jia)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)(jia)原則(ze)如下:1)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)作為提(ti)供(gong)服務的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)成(cheng)本(ben)信號，除非(fei)法(fa)規規定(ding)，應(ying)避(bi)免補(bu)貼;當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)容(rong)(rong)量有限時，價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)反映新(xin)建容(rong)(rong)量所帶來的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)容(rong)(rong)量閑置(zhi)，應(ying)降(jiang)低價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)增加電(dian)(dian)網(wang)使(shi)用率。2)在任何時候，價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)都應(ying)反映配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)提(ti)供(gong)服務的(de)可(ke)變成(cheng)本(ben)，不變成(cheng)本(ben)應(ying)該(gai)攤派至(zhi)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)需求彈性(xing)較小(xiao)的(de)用戶上。3)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)考(kao)慮到(dao)利益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者的(de)要求和(he)環(huan)境。避(bi)免消費者非(fei)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)的(de)繞開;允(yun)許利益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者在價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)和(he)質量間進(jin)行權衡取舍或達(da)成(cheng)非(fei)標準化協議;在網(wang)絡經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)得到(dao)保(bao)障的(de)情況下，鼓(gu)(gu)勵投資于分布式電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和(he)進(jin)行需求側管理，鼓(gu)(gu)勵技術創新(xin)。4)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)當(dang)(dang)(dang)透明、穩定(ding)，價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)的(de)變動應(ying)考(kao)慮到(dao)對利益(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)者的(de)影響。5)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)結構應(ying)該(gai)盡量簡(jian)潔以減少交易成(cheng)本(ben)，對所有零(ling)售(shou)商收取的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)應(ying)該(gai)是相(xiang)(xiang)同的(de)。

不難看到，發(fa)達國家對配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)定價(jia)的原則(ze)可以(yi)概括(kuo)為:1.配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)應(ying)當反映提(ti)供配(pei)電(dian)(dian)服務(wu)的成本信息(xi)，引導經濟資源有效配(pei)置。2.配(pei)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)應(ying)當使得配(pei)電(dian)(dian)運(yun)營(ying)商能獲取準許收入，保證配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網的可持續(xu)運(yun)營(ying)。3.價(jia)格(ge)應(ying)當透明、穩定、公平、簡(jian)潔，不允許歧視性(xing)定價(jia)，盡(jin)量減少交叉補貼。

(二)發達國家配電價格形成機制

發達國家對輸配電企業定價(jia)行為(wei)進行監管的常見方法有(you)以下(xia)幾種:

1.準許收益法

準(zhun)許收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)法是一(yi)種自(zi)下而上確(que)定(ding)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)方法，通過核定(ding)被監管企業(ye)(ye)的(de)配(pei)電成本(ben)和(he)(he)規(gui)定(ding)其可(ke)獲取的(de)利潤(run)(run)率確(que)定(ding)其利潤(run)(run)和(he)(he)價格(ge)(ge)，使企業(ye)(ye)能回收(shou)配(pei)電服務(wu)成本(ben)，使投資者獲取穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)，同時防止(zhi)企業(ye)(ye)利用壟斷地位對消費(fei)者征收(shou)高額配(pei)電費(fei)，是美國(guo)許多(duo)州(zhou)的(de)公(gong)用事業(ye)(ye)價格(ge)(ge)監管部門所采用的(de)方法。按照此法，配(pei)電網的(de)準(zhun)許收(shou)入(ru)由(you)準(zhun)許成本(ben)、準(zhun)許收(shou)益(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)(he)價內稅(shui)金(jin)三(san)部分組(zu)成。

在準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)計算(suan)中，界定(ding)(ding)和核定(ding)(ding)有效資(zi)產的(de)價值(zhi)是(shi)基礎。實踐中監管(guan)者會根據準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)益(yi)率、資(zi)產基數和準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)成本(ben)確定(ding)(ding)準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)，用(yong)配(pei)電(dian)總(zong)準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)除以總(zong)配(pei)電(dian)量(liang)可計算(suan)出(chu)配(pei)電(dian)價格(ge)水平(ping)。配(pei)電(dian)價格(ge)將根據實際(ji)情況進行定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)或不定(ding)(ding)期(qi)(qi)調整以使實際(ji)配(pei)電(dian)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)等于準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)。若成本(ben)出(chu)現較大(da)的(de)變化(hua)，也可對準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)(xu)(xu)收(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)進行調整，配(pei)電(dian)價格(ge)相應(ying)發生變化(hua)。

2.收入上限法

收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)基于(yu)(yu)激(ji)勵管(guan)(guan)制理(li)論的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，在(zai)準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)計算(suan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制定(ding)(ding)(ding)過程(cheng)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)與準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)并無較大(da)(da)差異，其(qi)與準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)地方在(zai)于(yu)(yu)對成本(ben)(ben)超(chao)支(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)節(jie)約(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)處理(li)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。對于(yu)(yu)準(zhun)(zhun)許(xu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)可以記作(zuo)其(qi)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)，由(you)所有(you)(you)(you)用戶共(gong)同承擔，而對于(yu)(yu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)，超(chao)出或節(jie)約(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)(ben)由(you)配(pei)網(wang)企(qi)業自己承擔。當實(shi)際成本(ben)(ben)低(di)于(yu)(yu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)時，配(pei)電(dian)公司獲取利(li)潤，而當實(shi)際成本(ben)(ben)高于(yu)(yu)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)時配(pei)電(dian)公司要承擔虧損，這樣配(pei)電(dian)公司便有(you)(you)(you)降(jiang)低(di)成本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵。英國和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)澳大(da)(da)利(li)亞采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)便是(shi)(shi)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。英國規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)在(zai)一定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)周期(qi)內，收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)遵循p1=p0(1+RPI-x)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式，即收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)P1由(you)約(yue)(yue)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基期(qi)收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)P0、通貨膨脹率RPI和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)生產(chan)率因素x確定(ding)(ding)(ding)，直到(dao)下一個監(jian)管(guan)(guan)周期(qi)再重新設定(ding)(ding)(ding)參數。收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)在(zai)于(yu)(yu):當下一個監(jian)管(guan)(guan)周期(qi)來臨(lin)時，配(pei)電(dian)公司有(you)(you)(you)動力增加(jia)實(shi)際成本(ben)(ben)以避免新周期(qi)里收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減少(shao);對固定(ding)(ding)(ding)資產(chan)投資和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)創新性投資提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵較弱，有(you)(you)(you)必要拉(la)長監(jian)管(guan)(guan)周期(qi)(可長達5～8年(nian))和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)給予(yu)額外的(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵;此(ci)外，收(shou)(shou)入(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)限(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)對提(ti)(ti)高供(gong)電(dian)質量和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)服務質量方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵很有(you)(you)(you)限(xian)(xian)(xian)，因此(ci)有(you)(you)(you)必要配(pei)合(he)以供(gong)電(dian)可靠(kao)性上(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)約(yue)(yue)束(shu)。

3.標桿法

Schleifer(1985)較早(zao)對標(biao)(biao)桿競爭(zheng)進行(xing)了(le)(le)理論闡(chan)釋，這種(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)用行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)或一組(zu)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)平均成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)(er)非企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自身的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)作(zuo)為(wei)制定(ding)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)價(jia)格(ge)的(de)(de)依(yi)據(ju)，顯著地(di)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)信息(xi)不對稱(cheng)問題。各(ge)個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)彼此(ci)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)桿對象，監管(guan)者通過比(bi)(bi)較各(ge)個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)信息(xi)以(yi)確定(ding)所有企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可獲得的(de)(de)收入水平。標(biao)(biao)桿法(fa)(fa)(fa)能(neng)提供降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)激勵，當某企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)(er)其他(ta)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)時，該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)將(jiang)獲得收益，反之，如果該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)沒(mei)有降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)(er)其他(ta)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)了(le)(le)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，則該企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)會遭受損失。標(biao)(biao)桿法(fa)(fa)(fa)很少(shao)單(dan)獨(du)使(shi)用，而(er)(er)經常與價(jia)格(ge)上(shang)限(xian)或收益率監管(guan)相(xiang)配(pei)合(he)。英國有14家配(pei)電(dian)公司，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)監管(guan)機構可在配(pei)電(dian)公司之間進行(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)和績(ji)效(xiao)的(de)(de)橫向比(bi)(bi)較，以(yi)確定(ding)各(ge)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可獲取的(de)(de)最高收入，進而(er)(er)控制配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)格(ge)。瑞典(dian)也(ye)在配(pei)電(dian)價(jia)格(ge)監管(guan)中采用了(le)(le)標(biao)(biao)桿法(fa)(fa)(fa)。但標(biao)(biao)桿法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)缺點在于各(ge)個企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可能(neng)是高度異質的(de)(de)，因(yin)(yin)而(er)(er)可能(neng)不存在現實(shi)意義上(shang)的(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)桿價(jia)格(ge)，同時企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)也(ye)可達成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)合(he)謀，導致標(biao)(biao)桿法(fa)(fa)(fa)失效(xiao)。

(三)發達國家對分布式電源的定價實踐

各(ge)個(ge)國家的配電網運(yun)營(ying)商對分布(bu)式電源(yuan)的定價政(zheng)策各(ge)異(yi)，但歸(gui)納起來(lai)涉及如下要素:

1.收費模式:

深層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(deepging)、淺層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)(shallowging)和(he)混(hun)合(he)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)。所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂深層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)是(shi)指向分布式(shi)(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)取一次性的(de)預付(fu)款，用(yong)(yong)于彌補接入配(pei)(pei)電網(wang)(wang)所(suo)(suo)(suo)帶來(lai)的(de)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)成(cheng)本(ben)，包括接網(wang)(wang)費(fei)(fei)以及配(pei)(pei)電網(wang)(wang)的(de)所(suo)(suo)(suo)有(you)升級改造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben)。而在淺層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)下分布式(shi)(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)只需支付(fu)專用(yong)(yong)接網(wang)(wang)資產(chan)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)，其(qi)他升級改造(zao)成(cheng)本(ben)則通(tong)過向全體用(yong)(yong)戶征收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)系統使(shi)用(yong)(yong)費(fei)(fei)來(lai)回收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)。混(hun)合(he)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)則介于兩者(zhe)之間。英國14個配(pei)(pei)電網(wang)(wang)運(yun)營商，既有(you)執行深層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)的(de)也(ye)有(you)執行淺層(ceng)和(he)混(hun)合(he)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)的(de);美(mei)國各州(zhou)對分布式(shi)(shi)電源(yuan)(yuan)均(jun)采取深層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)，荷蘭對于小(xiao)電廠采取淺層(ceng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)費(fei)(fei)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)(尤培(pei)培(pei)，2015)。

2.收費靈活度:

可協商的還(huan)是標準(zhun)化的。大(da)(da)的分布(bu)式(shi)電源對(dui)配(pei)電網(wang)(wang)具(ju)有較大(da)(da)影(ying)響，往往有與(yu)配(pei)電網(wang)(wang)協商確定最合適(shi)收(shou)費(fei)方案的需求，而小的分布(bu)式(shi)電源則為節省交易成(cheng)本更(geng)樂于(yu)接受(shou)標準(zhun)化方案。各國在(zai)收(shou)費(fei)靈(ling)活度上不同，澳(ao)大(da)(da)利亞新(xin)南威爾士(shi)州的靈(ling)活度較高，允許大(da)(da)的分布(bu)式(shi)電源與(yu)配(pei)電網(wang)(wang)運營(ying)商進(jin)行協商以確定成(cheng)本或分享收(shou)益(yi)，而歐盟則更(geng)偏向標準(zhun)化收(shou)費(fei)方案。

3.上網電價機制:

凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)計量(liang)還是購(gou)銷分開計量(liang)。所謂(wei)凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)計量(liang)是指用戶的發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)可以抵扣其用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，按凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)結(jie)算(suan)費用，其隱含的上(shang)網電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)等于銷售電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。美國大部分電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)均采用此(ci)計算(suan)方法。但是凈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)計量(liang)加重了非(fei)分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源用戶的固(gu)定(ding)成本分攤責任，造(zao)成交叉補貼問題。而(er)購(gou)銷分開計量(liang)是指用戶從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網接入的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)和向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網注入的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)分別按照不(bu)同的價(jia)(jia)格進行(xing)結(jie)算(suan)，而(er)后(hou)者的定(ding)價(jia)(jia)機制在(zai)各國也各不(bu)相同。例如(ru)，德國要求電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)以固(gu)定(ding)費率購(gou)買經(jing)營區內的可再生能(neng)源或CHP電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，而(er)新(xin)西蘭(lan)的分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源則需與零售商(shang)協商(shang)確定(ding)上(shang)網定(ding)價(jia)(jia)。

四、關于我國增量配電網配電價定價的建議

(一)鼓勵多樣化的定價模式

增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)如何確(que)定(ding)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)可以參考(kao)(kao)已經出臺的(de)省(sheng)級(ji)電(dian)網(wang)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)辦法(fa)，但也要考(kao)(kao)慮到增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)與現有輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)差(cha)異(yi)性(xing)，包括受(shou)到新技術和新業(ye)態(tai)的(de)沖擊(ji)、可能(neng)采取配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)售一(yi)(yi)體化的(de)商業(ye)模式以及引(yin)入(ru)的(de)社(she)會資本的(de)盈利(li)性(xing)需求等，使得增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)不(bu)能(neng)完全照(zhao)搬現有省(sheng)級(ji)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)價(jia)定(ding)價(jia)機制。各試點情況(kuang)差(cha)異(yi)較(jiao)大，定(ding)價(jia)機制不(bu)應該一(yi)(yi)刀切，應允許(xu)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)程度的(de)差(cha)異(yi)化配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)定(ding)價(jia)，包括準(zhun)許(xu)成本加合理(li)收(shou)益(yi)法(fa)、標桿法(fa)和競爭方法(fa)等都可以考(kao)(kao)慮使用。

增量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)定(ding)(ding)價(jia)應滿(man)足以下要求(qiu)(qiu):保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶能以低廉的價(jia)格(ge)享受高質量(liang)(liang)的配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服(fu)務;保(bao)障(zhang)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運營(ying)商(shang)可(ke)持續經營(ying)，并激勵其(qi)努力降低成本(ben)(ben);配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)應反映各用(yong)(yong)戶對配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)成本(ben)(ben)的貢(gong)獻，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用(yong)(yong)戶能合(he)理地選擇配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)接入點，優化配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)網(wang)(wang)(wang)運行(xing)效率。在符(fu)合(he)上述(shu)要求(qiu)(qiu)的前提下，配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格(ge)制定(ding)(ding)過程可(ke)因(yin)地制宜，配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)成本(ben)(ben)分攤方案可(ke)以多樣化，既可(ke)以按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)來(lai)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)成本(ben)(ben)，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)按(an)照(zhao)(zhao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)最(zui)大峰荷時用(yong)(yong)戶的容量(liang)(liang)需求(qiu)(qiu)來(lai)分配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)成本(ben)(ben)，既可(ke)以采用(yong)(yong)郵票法，也(ye)(ye)可(ke)采用(yong)(yong)包(bao)括節點定(ding)(ding)價(jia)法等在內的諸多方法。

(二)公平處理交叉補貼因素

需進一步厘清各類用戶(hu)的交叉補貼情況，并將之內化在公網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)價中，在此基(ji)礎上疊加配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價格，形成(cheng)合理的輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)價格體系(xi)。增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)作(zuo)為全(quan)社(she)會(hui)電(dian)(dian)力(li)服務體系(xi)的一個組成(cheng)部分(fen)，也應該(gai)承(cheng)擔相(xiang)關(guan)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)普遍服務的社(she)會(hui)責任，并通過適當的渠(qu)道和機(ji)制(zhi)得到補償(chang)。增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的電(dian)(dian)力(li)用戶(hu)所承(cheng)擔或(huo)享受的交叉補貼應與(yu)省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)輸(shu)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)體系(xi)中的情況保持一致(zhi)，避免用戶(hu)為了(le)逃避交叉補貼而選擇接入增量(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的制(zhi)度套利情況發生。

為進一步闡釋上(shang)述(shu)公(gong)平性原則，現舉例進行說(shuo)明(ming)。假設(she)某增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)將在(zai)(zai)35kV電(dian)壓等級為工業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)量Q1和在(zai)(zai)220V電(dian)壓等級為居(ju)民提(ti)供(gong)電(dian)量Q2。而在(zai)(zai)省(sheng)級電(dian)網(wang)輸配(pei)電(dian)體系中，工業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)是交叉補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)的(de)提(ti)供(gong)方，其獲取輸配(pei)電(dian)服務的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)為a1(元/kWh)，實(shi)際繳(jiao)納(na)的(de)輸配(pei)電(dian)價為a2，且(qie)a1b2。因此(ci)，該增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)電(dian)力用(yong)戶(hu)實(shi)際應承擔的(de)凈交叉補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)責任為(a2-a1)*Q1-(b1-b2)*Q2。增(zeng)量配(pei)電(dian)網(wang)應向省(sheng)級電(dian)網(wang)繳(jiao)納(na)上(shang)述(shu)交叉補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)額，其準許(xu)收入(ru)相(xiang)應上(shang)調，并將交叉補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)責任分配(pei)至工業(ye)用(yong)戶(hu)和對居(ju)民提(ti)供(gong)補(bu)(bu)貼(tie)。

(三)探索分布式電源和增量配電網協同發展的定價模式

我國分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)尚處在(zai)起步階段，因而合(he)理的(de)收(shou)費模式(shi)(shi)對其(qi)發展(zhan)(zhan)非(fei)常重要，過重的(de)收(shou)費可能會增加(jia)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)財(cai)務(wu)困(kun)難。因此，入(ru)(ru)網費、固定成本分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)攤(tan)費用(yong)減免政策在(zai)其(qi)發展(zhan)(zhan)初期有利于(yu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源的(de)推廣應(ying)用(yong)。但(dan)這種淺層收(shou)費方案削弱了(le)提供給(gei)(gei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)位置(zhi)價(jia)格信號，可能導致分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源非(fei)經濟性(xing)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網，最終提高電(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶的(de)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)成本。因此，應(ying)承認(ren)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)給(gei)(gei)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網成本與收(shou)益(yi)帶來(lai)的(de)沖擊(ji)，在(zai)未來(lai)合(he)適的(de)時機考(kao)慮對配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網中的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)式(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)源制定合(he)理的(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)系統使用(yong)費、配(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)網接(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)費和輔(fu)助服(fu)務(wu)費，體現其(qi)成本分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)攤(tan)責任。

對分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)進行成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)分攤可(ke)考慮郵票法(fa)和源(yuan)(yuan)流分析法(fa)(孫軼環(huan)，2015)，收(shou)費的(de)(de)(de)形式既(ji)可(ke)采(cai)取一次性收(shou)費方式也可(ke)采(cai)用(yong)逐(zhu)年收(shou)費的(de)(de)(de)方式，需根據(ju)各(ge)地(di)實際(ji)情況確定。科學合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)定價模式應(ying)使(shi)得分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)輸入電(dian)(dian)(dian)量與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)戶接出電(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)(de)(de)行為能與配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網最優運(yun)行模式相契合，其(qi)大體應(ying)滿足以下特征(zheng):對電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求旺盛(sheng)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)征(zheng)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)應(ying)低于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求微弱的(de)(de)(de)地(di)區(qu);對供電(dian)(dian)(dian)過剩(sheng)地(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)征(zheng)收(shou)的(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)應(ying)高于(yu)(yu)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)不足地(di)區(qu);對于(yu)(yu)某些能降低配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網投資成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)以加(jia)以補償;對于(yu)(yu)顯(xian)著增加(jia)配(pei)網升級改造成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)(de)分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)可(ke)令其(qi)承(cheng)擔主要成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。

此外，增量配(pei)電(dian)公司還應向分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)披露電(dian)力(li)輸入擁擠段(duan)的(de)具體位置，與分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)達成緩解(jie)擁擠的(de)方案，鼓勵分布(bu)式(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)根據電(dian)力(li)需求的(de)位置就近安置，使得在最(zui)大(da)化推廣可再生能源(yuan)使用率的(de)同時降(jiang)低配(pei)電(dian)網運行(xing)成本。