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摘要：光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)是集(ji)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)轉換發(fa)(fa)電(dian)、大規(gui)模儲熱(re)(re)(re)和(he)電(dian)網同(tong)步(bu)機特性，于一身的(de)可再生(sheng)能(neng)源發(fa)(fa)電(dian)方式。我(wo)國(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)產業(ye)鏈在首批示范項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)推動下，已初步(bu)建立(li)，在滿足(zu)國(guo)內需求(qiu)的(de)同(tong)時，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)產品(pin)開始(shi)走向(xiang)國(guo)際市場。但是當(dang)前國(guo)內光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)產業(ye)還面(mian)臨市場規(gui)模有限、技術裝(zhuang)備(bei)水平有待(dai)提升、成(cheng)本(ben)高、缺(que)乏有效政(zheng)策接續(xu)(xu)等(deng)(deng)問題。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)亟需穩定的(de)政(zheng)策，保障(zhang)產業(ye)的(de)持(chi)續(xu)(xu)穩步(bu)發(fa)(fa)展，以促使成(cheng)本(ben)下降(jiang)。建議從價格政(zheng)策、科技創新(xin)資金(jin)支持(chi)、多能(neng)互補一體化建設等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)，予(yu)以支持(chi)。

一、光熱發電產業優勢

光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是目前(qian)已(yi)實現商業化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)之一(yi)，其利(li)用(yong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)光(guang)鏡(jing)等(deng)裝置以自動(dong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)焦(jiao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)將太(tai)陽直射(she)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)集，用(yong)于加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)質并(bing)儲(chu)存(cun)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)，再通(tong)過透平機組（如汽(qi)輪(lun)機或燃氣輪(lun)機）將熱(re)(re)(re)(re)能(neng)(neng)轉換為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)根據集熱(re)(re)(re)(re)形式(shi)(shi)不同分為塔式(shi)(shi)、槽式(shi)(shi)、菲(fei)(fei)涅爾(er)式(shi)(shi)、碟式(shi)(shi)四類(lei)。塔式(shi)(shi)系(xi)統是利(li)用(yong)平面反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)將太(tai)陽光(guang)反(fan)射(she)到中心(xin)高(gao)(gao)塔頂部的(de)(de)(de)吸熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)上(shang)，即采(cai)用(yong)點聚(ju)(ju)(ju)焦(jiao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)；槽式(shi)(shi)系(xi)統和菲(fei)(fei)涅爾(er)式(shi)(shi)系(xi)統都是線聚(ju)(ju)(ju)焦(jiao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)光(guang)反(fan)射(she)鏡(jing)將太(tai)陽光(guang)反(fan)射(she)到細長線型的(de)(de)(de)管狀集熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)；碟式(shi)(shi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是利(li)用(yong)旋轉拋物面聚(ju)(ju)(ju)光(guang)鏡(jing)將太(tai)陽光(guang)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)集在(zai)集熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)上(shang)。光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通(tong)常(chang)和儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)系(xi)統結合，以塔式(shi)(shi)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)為例(li)，聚(ju)(ju)(ju)光(guang)鏡(jing)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)集太(tai)陽輻(fu)射(she)進入(ru)塔頂的(de)(de)(de)吸熱(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)，將儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)質從(cong)290℃加熱(re)(re)(re)(re)到565℃，存(cun)入(ru)塔下地面的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫介(jie)(jie)質儲(chu)罐中，需要發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)將高(gao)(gao)溫儲(chu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)介(jie)(jie)質泵入(ru)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)生器(qi)中，與(yu)水換熱(re)(re)(re)(re)產生高(gao)(gao)溫高(gao)(gao)壓過熱(re)(re)(re)(re)蒸(zheng)汽(qi)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統類(lei)似常(chang)規火力發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統，蒸(zheng)汽(qi)驅動(dong)汽(qi)輪(lun)機再帶動(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。從(cong)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)原理、實際(ji)運行、產業發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展潛力等(deng)來看，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)具有如下優勢：

首(shou)(shou)先(xian)，具(ju)備(bei)持(chi)續發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)力。與(yu)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風電(dian)(dian)(dian)具(ju)有顯著的(de)(de)波動性(xing)和間歇(xie)性(xing)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可配(pei)置低成本(ben)的(de)(de)儲(chu)能(neng)設(she)施，不(bu)僅(jin)具(ju)有良好(hao)的(de)(de)可持(chi)續電(dian)(dian)(dian)力輸出能(neng)力，同(tong)(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可提供(gong)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)波動性(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源所不(bu)具(ju)備(bei)的(de)(de)轉動慣量(liang)和無功支(zhi)撐。國(guo)際可再生能(neng)源署（IRENA）的(de)(de)數(shu)據顯示，西(xi)班牙有18個(ge)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站不(bu)間斷(duan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)達三周，其中(zhong)帶15小時(shi)(shi)(shi)儲(chu)能(neng)、裝機容(rong)(rong)量(liang)2萬千(qian)瓦的(de)(de)Gemasolar電(dian)(dian)(dian)站實現連(lian)續36天(tian)全天(tian)候運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。我國(guo)裝機容(rong)(rong)量(liang)5萬千(qian)瓦的(de)(de)中(zhong)廣核德令哈光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站連(lian)續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)32天(tian)（773小時(shi)(shi)(shi)），青海中(zhong)控德令哈光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站連(lian)續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)12天(tian)（293小時(shi)(shi)(shi)），首(shou)(shou)航高(gao)科(ke)敦(dun)煌(huang)10萬千(qian)瓦光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站連(lian)續運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)9天(tian)（216小時(shi)(shi)(shi)）。由(you)于光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)常規(gui)島(dao)部(bu)分與(yu)常規(gui)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)相同(tong)(tong)，因此如果有長達數(shu)天(tian)甚至(zhi)數(shu)十(shi)天(tian)的(de)(de)無風、少光(guang)(guang)等(deng)極(ji)端天(tian)氣(qi)下，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統可以(yi)利用天(tian)然氣(qi)補燃方式來保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)給。

其次，光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)可儲(chu)(chu)可調(diao)(diao)，可與(yu)風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)形(xing)成(cheng)優勢互補(bu)(bu)，有利(li)于“三(san)北”大型風光(guang)基(ji)地就地消納和外送消納。光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)儲(chu)(chu)調(diao)(diao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)強，且提高儲(chu)(chu)調(diao)(diao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)的(de)(de)邊際成(cheng)本低，機組調(diao)(diao)峰深度最大可達80%，爬(pa)坡和啟停速度優于燃(ran)煤機組，可與(yu)燃(ran)氣發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)相當(dang)。當(dang)風電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)大發(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)時(shi)候，光(guang)熱(re)以(yi)儲(chu)(chu)熱(re)為(wei)主(zhu)，不發(fa)(fa)(fa)或者(zhe)少發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，待(dai)夜間或者(zhe)風小(xiao)的(de)(de)時(shi)候將(jiang)儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)(de)熱(re)量通(tong)過汽輪機發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。清華大學(xue)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)互聯網研(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)研(yan)究(jiu)顯(xian)示，在青(qing)海(hai)安裝2200萬千瓦光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)和700萬千瓦風電(dian)(dian)，利(li)用已有調(diao)(diao)節資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，青(qing)海(hai)電(dian)(dian)網在豐水(shui)期可連續(xu)三(san)天(tian)全(quan)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)供電(dian)(dian)；如(ru)在此基(ji)礎(chu)上配置400萬千瓦光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，青(qing)海(hai)省在豐水(shui)期可實現(xian)創世界紀(ji)錄的(de)(de)連續(xu)30天(tian)全(quan)清潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)。因此如(ru)果希望在風電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)滲透率較高時(shi)，繼續(xu)提升(sheng)可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)量占比，可通(tong)過配備一定(ding)規模的(de)(de)光(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)，充分發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮多能(neng)(neng)(neng)互補(bu)(bu)下電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)品質的(de)(de)效益，彌(mi)補(bu)(bu)風電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)不可控的(de)(de)不足(zu)。

第三(san)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)效承接(jie)我國(guo)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)裝備(bei)(bei)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)。我國(guo)已經宣布(bu)不再新建(jian)境外煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)項目，同時近中期將控制(zhi)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)裝機(ji)(ji)規模，長(chang)期煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)將逐步(bu)退出。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)作為我國(guo)的(de)優勢(shi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)，在產(chan)(chan)業(ye)規模、技術(shu)水(shui)平(ping)和從業(ye)人數上在全世界首屈一(yi)指，形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)完備(bei)(bei)的(de)制(zhi)造(zao)體系。煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)如何實(shi)現(xian)順利(li)(li)轉型(xing)是關系國(guo)計民生的(de)重(zhong)要課題。除了(le)產(chan)(chan)熱(re)(re)方式不同外，光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)和煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)發(fa)電(dian)的(de)原理相同，都(dou)需要配置常規島。根(gen)據相關企業(ye)調研(yan)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)充分利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)資源，包括常規島相關設(she)計、集成(cheng)、設(she)備(bei)(bei)制(zhi)造(zao)和服務等。原有(you)(you)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)廠、氣電(dian)廠也可以(yi)(yi)(yi)改造(zao)成(cheng)與光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)互補電(dian)廠，直(zhi)接(jie)降低化石燃料的(de)使用(yong)(yong)。部分關停的(de)煤(mei)(mei)(mei)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)組可以(yi)(yi)(yi)改造(zao)為儲熱(re)(re)電(dian)站，僅投入少量資金通過加裝一(yi)套儲熱(re)(re)系統，原常規島均可利(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)。汽輪機(ji)(ji)廠則可以(yi)(yi)(yi)通過研(yan)制(zhi)生產(chan)(chan)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于光(guang)熱(re)(re)發(fa)電(dian)頻繁啟停和快速變負(fu)荷要求的(de)主(zhu)機(ji)(ji)設(she)備(bei)(bei)，實(shi)現(xian)部分轉型(xing)。

第四，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)大的技術進步(bu)空間(jian)和(he)成本(ben)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)潛力(li)。近(jin)年(nian)(nian)來，國(guo)際(ji)(ji)新投運的光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價呈現逐步(bu)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)趨(qu)勢。根據(ju)IRENA的數據(ju)顯示，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)的度電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)在(zai)2010年(nian)(nian)~2020年(nian)(nian)間(jian)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)了約一(yi)半，2020年(nian)(nian)已降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至0.65元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)~1.3元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)（10美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)~20美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)）。雖然光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)與風(feng)電(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)相(xiang)比成本(ben)高，但其(qi)可(ke)儲熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)、出力(li)可(ke)調節(jie)、響(xiang)應(ying)速度堪比燃氣(qi)發電(dian)(dian)，使其(qi)在(zai)國(guo)際(ji)(ji)上有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)定的應(ying)用市場。而且(qie)，通(tong)過(guo)技術進步(bu)和(he)規(gui)模效應(ying)推動(dong)，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)還有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)大的成本(ben)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)潛力(li)。國(guo)際(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)源署(shu)預(yu)測，2030年(nian)(nian)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價將降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至8.6美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，美(mei)國(guo)能(neng)(neng)源部目標是到(dao)2030年(nian)(nian)帶有(you)(you)(you)12小時(shi)(shi)儲能(neng)(neng)的光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)到(dao)5美(mei)分(fen)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)。在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)，如果在(zai)保持(chi)一(yi)定市場和(he)產業(ye)規(gui)模，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)可(ke)以實現較(jiao)大幅度下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，其(qi)設(she)備成本(ben)和(he)建設(she)成本(ben)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)是主要因素，有(you)(you)(you)望在(zai)“十四五”末(mo)期達(da)到(dao)與目前燃氣(qi)發電(dian)(dian)成本(ben)相(xiang)當(dang)，即國(guo)內(nei)電(dian)(dian)價降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低到(dao)0.7元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)~0.8元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)，2030年(nian)(nian)下(xia)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)至0.5元(yuan)(yuan)/千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時(shi)(shi)左(zuo)右，屆時(shi)(shi)考慮其(qi)靈活儲熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)、可(ke)調節(jie)出力(li)、可(ke)提(ti)供轉動(dong)慣(guan)量等優勢，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場中將具備經濟性和(he)競爭力(li)。

二、光熱發電產業發展現狀與特征

光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)業(ye)國外(wai)起(qi)步較(jiao)(jiao)早，在光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)材(cai)料、設計(ji)、工藝及理論方面已(yi)經(jing)開展50多(duo)年的(de)(de)研究，并(bing)已(yi)得到商(shang)業(ye)化應用，2020年全球(qiu)累計(ji)裝機容量達669萬千瓦。我國光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)雖然起(qi)步較(jiao)(jiao)晚(wan)，但是在國內示范項目的(de)(de)帶(dai)動下，已(yi)經(jing)初步建立了較(jiao)(jiao)完整的(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)鏈(lian)，并(bing)實(shi)現(xian)部(bu)分(fen)產(chan)品出口國外(wai)。

其一，光熱(re)發電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)建設(she)處于試點示(shi)(shi)范階段。2016年，我國安排了首批光熱(re)發電(dian)示(shi)(shi)范項(xiang)目(mu)建設(she)共20個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)，134.9萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦裝機，分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)北方五(wu)個(ge)省(sheng)區，電(dian)價1.15元/千(qian)(qian)瓦時。同時，國家鼓勵地(di)方相關部(bu)門對(dui)光熱(re)企業采取稅費(fei)減(jian)免、財政補(bu)貼、綠色信貸、土地(di)優惠(hui)等措施，多措并(bing)舉促進光熱(re)發電(dian)產業發展。2018年，國家能源局(ju)布置的多能互補(bu)項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)，有光熱(re)發電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)。截至2021年底，我國光熱(re)發電(dian)裝機容量(liang)約為59萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦，共12個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)，主要分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)甘肅（21萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦）、青海（21萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦）、內蒙古(gu)（10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦）和(he)新疆(jiang)（5萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦），另有2萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦分(fen)布在(zai)(zai)其他省(sheng)。從技術(shu)來看(kan)，我國首批光熱(re)發電(dian)示(shi)(shi)范項(xiang)目(mu)和(he)多能互補(bu)項(xiang)目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)采用的技術(shu)以塔式(shi)技術(shu)較為常見，占(zhan)比超(chao)過一半。

其二，光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)全產(chan)業鏈(lian)初步建立(li)。通過(guo)首批光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)示(shi)范項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建設，我國(guo)光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)制(zhi)造產(chan)業鏈(lian)基本形成，光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)站使用的設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、材(cai)料(liao)得(de)到了(le)很大(da)發(fa)展，并(bing)具(ju)備(bei)(bei)(bei)了(le)相當的產(chan)能。在(zai)國(guo)家(jia)首批光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)示(shi)范項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中，設備(bei)(bei)(bei)、材(cai)料(liao)國(guo)產(chan)化率超過(guo)90%，在(zai)部(bu)(bu)分項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)中，比(bi)如青(qing)海中控德令哈5萬千(qian)瓦塔式光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)，設備(bei)(bei)(bei)和材(cai)料(liao)國(guo)產(chan)化率已達(da)到95%以上，并(bing)建立(li)了(le)數條光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)專用的部(bu)(bu)件(jian)和裝(zhuang)備(bei)(bei)(bei)生產(chan)線，具(ju)備(bei)(bei)(bei)了(le)支撐光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)大(da)規模發(fa)展的供(gong)應(ying)能力，年供(gong)貨量(liang)可滿(man)足(zu)數百萬千(qian)瓦光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)裝(zhuang)機。當前(qian)，國(guo)內(nei)光熱(re)發(fa)電(dian)產(chan)業鏈(lian)主要相關企業已超過(guo)500家(jia)。

其三(san)，光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)產(chan)業開始走向(xiang)世(shi)界。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)制造業起(qi)步(bu)晚，但“十三(san)五”以來技術(shu)和(he)產(chan)業發展(zhan)快速，相比國(guo)(guo)(guo)外有成本優勢(shi)，首(shou)批示范項目使我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)技術(shu)和(he)產(chan)品具有了(le)實際運行項目和(he)經驗，開始走出(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)門(men)。如(ru)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)能建(jian)和(he)中控太陽能公司(si)聯(lian)合體(ti)于2019年承(cheng)建(jian)了(le)希(xi)臘(la)5萬千瓦光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)站項目，國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)主席(xi)習近(jin)平與希(xi)臘(la)總理米佐塔(ta)基斯共同見(jian)證了(le)該項目的簽約(yue)儀式，這是中國(guo)(guo)(guo)光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)產(chan)業首(shou)次以“技術(shu)+裝備+工(gong)程+資金+運營”的完整全(quan)生命周(zhou)期模(mo)式走出(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)門(men)。上海電(dian)(dian)氣集團EPC總包了(le)阿聯(lian)酋70萬千瓦光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)站項目，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)建(jian)集團聯(lian)合體(ti)EPC承(cheng)包了(le)摩洛哥太陽能發電(dian)(dian)園(yuan)35萬千瓦光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)項目。我(wo)(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)企業皇明太陽能公司(si)早在2011年就向(xiang)西(xi)班(ban)牙出(chu)(chu)口了(le)長達25千米、30萬千瓦的光(guang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)發電(dian)(dian)的核心部件(jian)鍍膜(mo)鋼管，2019年又(you)向(xiang)法國(guo)(guo)(guo)提供了(le)16千米、0.9萬千瓦的吸熱(re)(re)(re)(re)管。

三、光熱發電產業發展瓶頸

首先，光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)依然較高(gao)。通過企(qi)業調(diao)研(yan)，當(dang)(dang)前(qian)新(xin)建光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)約(yue)0.9元/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時~1.0元/千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時，仍遠高(gao)于陸(lu)上風(feng)電(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)。初(chu)始(shi)投資高(gao)昂是光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要原因。以當(dang)(dang)前(qian)主(zhu)流的(de)(de)10萬(wan)千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)裝機(ji)、12小時儲熱(re)塔式(shi)光(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站為例(li)，單(dan)位千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)造(zao)(zao)價在2.5萬(wan)~3萬(wan)元。聚光(guang)(guang)、吸熱(re)、儲換(huan)熱(re)系(xi)統占據(ju)初(chu)始(shi)投資的(de)(de)主(zhu)要部分，約(yue)占整個電(dian)(dian)站成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)(de)77％左右(you)，是決(jue)定光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)站造(zao)(zao)價高(gao)低最(zui)重要的(de)(de)因素。受制(zhi)于國(guo)內光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)項目裝機(ji)規模(mo)小和政策不(bu)(bu)穩定造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)市場不(bu)(bu)穩定和延續性(xing)問題，上游設(she)備制(zhi)造(zao)(zao)企(qi)業通過首批國(guo)產(chan)化項目形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)規模(mo)化產(chan)能(neng)在近兩年嚴重開工不(bu)(bu)足，設(she)備閑(xian)置、技(ji)術人員和熟練工人流失，也造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)聚光(guang)(guang)鏡、集熱(re)管、追蹤(zong)器、熔鹽等關鍵設(she)備和材料的(de)(de)生產(chan)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)居高(gao)不(bu)(bu)下。

其次，是光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)的部分設備尚依(yi)賴進口。如熔鹽泵、熔鹽閥、熔鹽流量(liang)計、旋轉接頭等(deng)產(chan)品(pin)，在光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)站中(zhong)需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)有限(xian)，成(cheng)(cheng)本中(zhong)占比低，但其工(gong)況(kuang)環境(jing)嚴苛，技(ji)術(shu)參數要求(qiu)高(gao)(gao)，國(guo)內產(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)相對國(guo)外不高(gao)(gao)，還(huan)以(yi)進口為主，國(guo)內廠商解決這些(xie)問題需(xu)要一定時間(jian)。此外，通過使(shi)用溫(wen)度(du)更(geng)高(gao)(gao)、成(cheng)(cheng)本更(geng)低的吸(xi)熱(re)和(he)儲熱(re)介質(zhi)(zhi)，采用超臨界二氧化碳透(tou)平技(ji)術(shu)等(deng)實現更(geng)高(gao)(gao)效率的發電(dian)技(ji)術(shu)方面，仍(reng)還(huan)有較長的路要走。

第三(san)(san)，產(chan)業發(fa)(fa)展嚴(yan)重依賴國家補貼(tie)。根(gen)據國家在2020年(nian)出臺(tai)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)，2021年(nian)底前(qian)并網的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)熱示范(fan)項(xiang)目(mu)納入國家補貼(tie)范(fan)圍(wei)，能(neng)(neng)夠享(xiang)受1.15元/千(qian)瓦時的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)；而對(dui)于(yu)2020年(nian)及之后的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)增項(xiang)目(mu)，政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)規定將光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)補貼(tie)支持由中(zhong)央(yang)轉到(dao)地方(fang)。因(yin)此，“十(shi)四五”時期(qi)或(huo)是光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)產(chan)業十(shi)分艱難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)時期(qi)，“三(san)(san)北”地區省(sheng)份(fen)制定單獨的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)補貼(tie)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)(neng)性幾乎為零。由于(yu)新(xin)建光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)本仍遠(yuan)高(gao)于(yu)燃(ran)煤基準價(jia)，如(ru)果不采取有效措(cuo)施，“十(shi)四五”光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)市(shi)場規模將大大萎縮(suo)，部分地方(fang)為儲(chu)備新(xin)項(xiang)目(mu)所進行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)大量前(qian)期(qi)工作也將浪費。需(xu)求萎縮(suo)將對(dui)我國光(guang)熱制造業造成(cheng)巨大沖擊(ji)，光(guang)熱制造業將遭遇嚴(yan)冬甚(shen)至可能(neng)(neng)夭(yao)折(zhe)。因(yin)此，國家補貼(tie)退出后，若無政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)接續，光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目(mu)將難(nan)以(yi)為繼(ji)。

四、支持光熱發電穩步發展的相關建議

第一(yi)，要給(gei)予光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)價格政(zheng)(zheng)策。穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)的(de)電價政(zheng)(zheng)策對可再生能源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)展至關重要，建(jian)(jian)議借鑒2019年~2020年支持光(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電、2020年~2022年支持生物質(zhi)發(fa)(fa)電的(de)做(zuo)法，按照“以(yi)收定(ding)(ding)支”方式，在“十四五”期間每年安排一(yi)定(ding)(ding)數(shu)量的(de)資金支持新(xin)增光(guang)熱發(fa)(fa)電項(xiang)目建(jian)(jian)設(she)。推動已建(jian)(jian)成項(xiang)目納入補貼(tie)清單(dan)，同時對原投(tou)資方已明確退出的(de)示(shi)范項(xiang)目，應允許地方政(zheng)(zheng)府選(xuan)擇合適的(de)投(tou)資方繼續建(jian)(jian)設(she)。

第二，通過(guo)專(zhuan)項資(zi)金(jin)，支(zhi)持光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研發(fa)和(he)新技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)示(shi)范(fan)工程。建(jian)議(yi)通過(guo)可再生能源發(fa)展專(zhuan)項資(zi)金(jin)安排(pai)相(xiang)關(guan)資(zi)金(jin)，采用(yong)(yong)類(lei)似于光(guang)(guang)伏“領跑(pao)者項目”的方(fang)式，以招標方(fang)式鼓(gu)勵技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)先進、成本降(jiang)低較(jiao)快的技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)路線，支(zhi)持光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電先進技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)研發(fa)和(he)示(shi)范(fan)應用(yong)(yong)。同時，在國家(jia)發(fa)展改革委、科(ke)技(ji)(ji)部等科(ke)技(ji)(ji)創(chuang)新項目中，安排(pai)資(zi)金(jin)支(zhi)持光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電關(guan)鍵性(xing)或原(yuan)創(chuang)性(xing)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的研究。例如，超(chao)臨界(jie)二氧(yang)化碳熱(re)發(fa)電技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、600℃高溫(wen)槽式和(he)塔式光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電與(yu)火電聯合運行技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)儲能電站技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、太陽能高溫(wen)集熱(re)和(he)化學能耦合發(fa)電技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)電熱(re)電聯產技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)等。

第(di)三(san)，鼓勵(li)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)和光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)一(yi)體化(hua)(hua)項(xiang)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設，實(shi)現(xian)產業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。考慮到光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)在(zai)“十四五”期間(jian)仍較(jiao)高，地方財(cai)政支持難度較(jiao)大，基于在(zai)資源(yuan)較(jiao)好地區(qu)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可以實(shi)現(xian)低價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下，建(jian)議沙漠、戈壁、荒漠大型風光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)基地中持續安(an)排一(yi)定容量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝機(ji)，通過低價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目平衡消化(hua)(hua)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)，實(shi)現(xian)風電(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)（及水電(dian)(dian)(dian)）等多(duo)種可再(zai)生能源(yuan)互(hu)補的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平價(jia)上網就地消納(na)或平價(jia)遠距離(li)外送消納(na)。“十五五”期間(jian)，通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市場建(jian)設，直接發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)其快速響應(ying)和清潔能源(yuan)優(you)勢，確立(li)在(zai)市場中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定位。建(jian)議在(zai)各(ge)類(lei)示范(fan)區(qu)、特高壓外送和多(duo)能互(hu)補基地建(jian)設中安(an)排光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)項(xiang)目，將配置一(yi)定規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目作(zuo)為項(xiang)目優(you)選(xuan)條件，充分發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站儲熱(re)可控輸出作(zuo)用，進(jin)而保持光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)熱(re)產業(ye)(ye)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場規(gui)模，為產業(ye)(ye)后續實(shi)現(xian)市場化(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展提(ti)供(gong)基本(ben)(ben)條件。

作者簡介：常非凡，女，博士研究生，畢業于英國劍橋大學工程系。現任國家發展和改革委員會國際合作中心副研究員，從事宏觀經濟與可持續發展，新能源技術與智慧城市，公共服務與治理能力，“一帶一路”國際經貿與安全風險等研究。

注：本篇文章發表于《中國能源》雜志2022年第5期。