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增量配網是(shi)用戶還是(shi)電網?

增量配電(dian)網能接(jie)入電(dian)源嗎?

哪些(xie)電(dian)源能夠(gou)接(jie)入增(zeng)量配電(dian)網?

自備電廠能接入增量配網嗎?

增量配網能(neng)有自己(ji)的調(diao)度嗎(ma)?

…

一、增量配電網是公共電網，而不是電網企業的用戶

增(zeng)量配電(dian)網是(shi)公共電(dian)網，而不是(shi)電(dian)網企業的用戶，其法律(lv)地位跟省(sheng)級電(dian)網公司(si)一樣(yang)(yang)，享有同樣(yang)(yang)的權利，承擔(dan)同樣(yang)(yang)的義(yi)務。

筆(bi)者(zhe)認為，增量配電網的這(zhe)一(yi)法律地位(wei)是(shi)首先需要明(ming)確(que)的問題，也是(shi)正(zheng)確(que)認識和處理電源接(jie)入、電網互聯、配電價格、結算關系(xi)(xi)、調度(du)關系(xi)(xi)等一(yi)系(xi)(xi)列問題的。

這方面的政策依據很多，主要(yao)包括：

一(yi)是(shi)國家(jia)發(fa)展改革委、國家(jia)能源(yuan)局《有序放開配電(dian)網(wang)業務(wu)管理(li)辦法》，規定(ding)了配電(dian)網(wang)企業運營者(zhe)的(de)權利(li)義務(wu)，包括供電(dian)服務(wu)、保底供電(dian)、承(cheng)擔代(dai)付其配電(dian)網(wang)內使用(yong)的(de)可再(zai)生能源(yuan)電(dian)量補貼的(de)責任(ren)、代(dai)國家(jia)收取政(zheng)府性基金及(ji)政(zheng)策性交(jiao)叉補貼等責任(ren)，這些顯然是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)責任(ren)，而不(bu)是(shi)用(yong)戶所應承(cheng)擔的(de)。

二(er)是(shi)國家發展改(gai)革(ge)委《關于(yu)制(zhi)定地(di)方電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)和增量配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)格的(de)(de)指導意見(jian)》，明確“配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)與(yu)省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)具有(you)平(ping)等的(de)(de)市場主體(ti)地(di)位(wei)”，“配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業應(ying)按照相同的(de)(de)原則和標準承擔政策(ce)性交叉補貼。”通過這份文件，實際上(shang)正式確認了配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)地(di)位(wei)，而且是(shi)與(yu)省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)平(ping)等的(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)。

三是國家(jia)(jia)發展改革委、國家(jia)(jia)能(neng)源局《關于進一(yi)步推進增量配電(dian)(dian)業務(wu)改革的通(tong)知》(發改經體〔2019〕27號)規(gui)定，“增量配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)項目(mu)業主在配電(dian)(dian)區域內(nei)擁有與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業在互聯互通(tong)、建設(she)運營、參與電(dian)(dian)力(li)市場(chang)、保底供(gong)電(dian)(dian)、分布式電(dian)(dian)源和微電(dian)(dian)網(wang)并網(wang)、新能(neng)源消納等方面同(tong)等的權利和義務(wu)。”

筆者想提醒的(de)(de)(de)是，上述文件在說明“配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)與(yu)省級電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)具(ju)有(you)平等的(de)(de)(de)市(shi)場(chang)主體地位”的(de)(de)(de)同時，還強調增量配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業的(de)(de)(de)義務(wu)，包括(kuo)按照相同的(de)(de)(de)原則和(he)(he)標準承擔政策性交叉補貼，與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)企業在互聯互通、建設(she)運營、參與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力市(shi)場(chang)、保(bao)底供電(dian)(dian)(dian)、分布(bu)式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源和(he)(he)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)并網(wang)(wang)、新能源消(xiao)納等方面同等的(de)(de)(de)權利和(he)(he)義務(wu)。

二、直接接入電源，是增量配電網的權利，也是義務。

之所以說“直接接入電源是增量配電網的權利”，筆者覺得一個最樸素的理由就是：

既然增(zeng)量配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)與省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的市場(chang)地位平等，那么，省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的權利(li)義務，增(zeng)量配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)也同樣應該享有與承擔(dan)，其中就包括像省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)一樣直接接入電(dian)(dian)源的權利(li)。

試問，哪一個省(sheng)級電(dian)(dian)網不(bu)能直接接入電(dian)(dian)源呢?

能夠直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入電(dian)(dian)源，是增量配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)作為公共電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的基本(ben)權利。否則，一個不能直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入電(dian)(dian)源、只能經由(you)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企業購(gou)電(dian)(dian)的配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)只能是一個不完整的“偽電(dian)(dian)網(wang)”。

同(tong)時，直接(jie)接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，也是增量配電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)義務(wu)(wu)。多份文件均對(dui)此做出明確(que)規定(ding)。比如，《有序放(fang)開(kai)配電(dian)(dian)網業(ye)務(wu)(wu)管理辦法(fa)》規定(ding)，配電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)“按(an)政府定(ding)價向發電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)優先(xian)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)”，“無歧視(shi)開(kai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)網，公平提供電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(用戶)接(jie)入等普(pu)遍服(fu)務(wu)(wu)和保底供電(dian)(dian)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)”。顯然，如果不(bu)能接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)，是無法(fa)“提供電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)接(jie)入”等服(fu)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de);而“向發電(dian)(dian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)優先(xian)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)”，也沒有任何理由限定(ding)為“必須經(jing)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)網企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力設施(shi)實施(shi)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)”，而不(bu)能通過(guo)直接(jie)接(jie)入的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)實施(shi)購(gou)電(dian)(dian)。

再如，前面已經提到的《關于進(jin)一步推進(jin)增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)業務改革(ge)的通知(zhi)》規定，“增(zeng)量(liang)(liang)配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網項(xiang)目(mu)業主在配(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區域內擁有與電(dian)(dian)(dian)網企(qi)業在互(hu)(hu)聯互(hu)(hu)通、建(jian)設運營、參與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場、保底供電(dian)(dian)(dian)、分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和(he)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網并網、新(xin)能源(yuan)消納(na)等(deng)方面同等(deng)的權利和(he)義務。”這里的分布式電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)和(he)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網并網、新(xin)能源(yuan)消納(na)，顯然(ran)都需要直接接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)才(cai)能實現。

因(yin)此，直(zhi)接接入電(dian)源(yuan)，是(shi)增量配電(dian)網基本的權利和義務。

三、直接接入電源，不違反廠網分開的改革原則

反對增量(liang)配(pei)電(dian)網直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入電(dian)源的人，常常以“廠網分(fen)(fen)開是電(dian)改(gai)的基本原則(ze)之(zhi)一(yi)，電(dian)源直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)入配(pei)電(dian)網會形成新的廠網不分(fen)(fen)”作為理由。

筆者注(zhu)意到，對于(yu)這一(yi)點，業(ye)內(nei)專家谷峰曾在《中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力企業(ye)雜志》刊文(wen)做出過分(fen)(fen)析。谷峰指(zhi)出：我(wo)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)執行(xing)的(de)(de)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量分(fen)(fen)層分(fen)(fen)區平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)制度，增量配網(wang)(wang)(wang)作為公(gong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)應享有就地平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)接入權。我(wo)國(guo)廠(chang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)開政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)核心是擁(yong)(yong)有輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)企業(ye)不(bu)能(neng)擁(yong)(yong)有在輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)范圍內(nei)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。為保證批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)交(jiao)易的(de)(de)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)，環形輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)只(zhi)能(neng)為全部(bu)連接在輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)共用;而連接在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)上(shang)(shang)來講主要在配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)部(bu)進行(xing)平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)，少量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量和部(bu)分(fen)(fen)時段電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力參與網(wang)(wang)(wang)間平(ping)(ping)衡(heng)，基本不(bu)涉及輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)上(shang)(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)競爭。因此，配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)擁(yong)(yong)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)對批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)公(gong)平(ping)(ping)性影(ying)響(xiang)有限，不(bu)影(ying)響(xiang)廠(chang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)(fen)開政(zheng)策(ce)的(de)(de)核心意義。

同時，谷(gu)峰特意(yi)(yi)指出，增量配網接入電源(yuan)問題(ti)，實質(zhi)上按(an)照現行(xing)的規章(zhang)，由電力主管部門同意(yi)(yi)，并(bing)明(ming)確其在增量配網內部平衡(heng)即可。