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電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)是(shi)一項復雜的(de)系統(tong)工(gong)程，涉及(ji)方方面(mian)面(mian)的(de)利益。結合電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)推(tui)進情況及(ji)未(wei)來國家經濟發展需(xu)要，為順利推(tui)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)，筆(bi)者認為，社會需(xu)要對(dui)(dui)以(yi)下問(wen)題進行討(tao)論，形(xing)成共識。我們將以(yi)系列文章的(de)形(xing)式對(dui)(dui)這些問(wen)題進行分析，希望引起關(guan)心電(dian)(dian)(dian)改(gai)朋友(you)們的(de)共鳴與反饋，希望對(dui)(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)政策制(zhi)定提供“火花”。

1、如何確保電網工程投資的合理性？

電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)具有(you)自然壟斷屬(shu)性(xing)，每(mei)年僅(jin)僅(jin)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)企業(ye)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)投資就超過5000億(yi)元，是直(zhi)接(jie)影響(xiang)輸(shu)配電(dian)(dian)價(jia)格的(de)(de)最重要的(de)(de)因素。有(you)效監(jian)管電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)投資，提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)項目自身的(de)(de)合理性(xing)和項目投資的(de)(de)合理性(xing)，是降低社會電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本的(de)(de)關鍵之一(yi)。長期以(yi)來(lai)，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)投資監(jian)管面臨一(yi)系列問題，包括：政府對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)規劃管理的(de)(de)職能并(bing)未做(zuo)實；電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)招投標(biao)多是企業(ye)行為，政府難(nan)以(yi)有(you)效約束工程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)；電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)投運后的(de)(de)效率常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)達(da)不到規劃設計目標(biao)；定價(jia)部門不了解項目核(he)準（或審批）情況，準許成(cheng)本認定困難(nan)等。當前，我國經濟發展轉(zhuan)型、政府職能轉(zhuan)變，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)工程(cheng)(cheng)投資的(de)(de)監(jian)管模式也應(ying)轉(zhuan)變。

2、如何做好電網管制類業務與市場化業務差異化監管？

這(zhe)個問題的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)質是如何(he)處理好具(ju)(ju)有壟斷(duan)地位的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)公(gong)用(yong)事業(ye)(ye)性(xing)與企(qi)業(ye)(ye)盈(ying)利(li)性(xing)之間的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系。電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)制類業(ye)(ye)務與電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)壟斷(duan)地位和公(gong)用(yong)事業(ye)(ye)性(xing)緊(jin)密相關(guan)，其成本(ben)需(xu)要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)成本(ben)監審、政(zheng)府定價(jia)，采取(qu)輸配電(dian)(dian)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形式由用(yong)戶分(fen)攤回收，具(ju)(ju)有“強制性(xing)”；電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)市場化業(ye)(ye)務，也就是允許其他企(qi)業(ye)(ye)開(kai)展的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)(ye)務，需(xu)要(yao)一個公(gong)平(ping)、開(kai)放、透明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)市場環境，電(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)投入這(zhe)部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)成本(ben)是要(yao)自負盈(ying)虧(kui)。

我們不反(fan)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)(ye)開(kai)(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)，但是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)(ye)開(kai)(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)需(xu)要滿足(zu)兩個(ge)條(tiao)件(jian)：一是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)(ye)不應利(li)用(yong)其市(shi)場(chang)(chang)壟(long)(long)斷(duan)地位(wei)（對(dui)用(yong)戶(hu)壟(long)(long)斷(duan)、對(dui)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)廊道/間(jian)隔的壟(long)(long)斷(duan)、對(dui)用(yong)戶(hu)工(gong)程的影響(xiang)等(deng)）為(wei)其他市(shi)場(chang)(chang)主體進(jin)入其供(gong)電(dian)(dian)區域開(kai)(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)設置障(zhang)礙(ai)；二(er)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)網企業(ye)(ye)(ye)應將開(kai)(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)市(shi)場(chang)(chang)化(hua)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)的資源和成(cheng)本與監管(guan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)(wu)嚴格區分(fen)，不能(neng)讓廣大(da)用(yong)戶(hu)分(fen)攤這(zhe)部(bu)分(fen)成(cheng)本。

3、如何實現電網央企與地方經濟協同發展？

這(zhe)是(shi)一個電(dian)網(wang)“哲學問題”——發(fa)展(zhan)電(dian)網(wang)到底為什么？電(dian)改(gai)初(chu)心到底是(shi)什么？2015年的中發(fa)9號文提出(chu)(chu)了三百多字的改(gai)革目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)，條理清晰(xi)，目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)明確，歸納起來就是(shi)：保障(zhang)經(jing)濟社會高(gao)(gao)質量發(fa)展(zhan)。第一目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)保障(zhang)國家電(dian)力安(an)全、能源安(an)全；第二目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)是(shi)保障(zhang)地(di)方(fang)經(jing)濟高(gao)(gao)質量發(fa)展(zhan)。電(dian)網(wang)央企在完成第一目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)面(mian)表(biao)現(xian)得可圈可點，但在完成第二目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)方(fang)面(mian)卻差強人意，有些地(di)方(fang)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)電(dian)網(wang)央企與地(di)方(fang)政府鬧得很不愉快、甚至對(dui)立的情(qing)況。加強電(dian)網(wang)央企與地(di)方(fang)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)的協(xie)同性刻不容(rong)緩，這(zhe)不僅是(shi)地(di)方(fang)經(jing)濟發(fa)展(zhan)的需(xu)要，也是(shi)電(dian)網(wang)央企長遠發(fa)展(zhan)需(xu)要。

4、如何全面理解和降低企業的電力成本？

降低企業(ye)電(dian)力成(cheng)本對(dui)地方招商(shang)引(yin)資和(he)實體經濟(ji)發(fa)展至關(guan)重要(yao)。2019年10月(yue)發(fa)布的(de)《優化營商(shang)環(huan)境條例》第三(san)章第二十八條對(dui)供(gong)電(dian)價格、費用和(he)服務提出了(le)明(ming)確要(yao)求；2020年中央經濟(ji)工作(zuo)會(hui)議明(ming)確要(yao)求降低企業(ye)用電(dian)成(cheng)本。降低企業(ye)電(dian)力成(cheng)本是上述工作(zuo)的(de)重要(yao)出發(fa)點(dian)和(he)落腳點(dian)。

需要形成(cheng)對企業(ye)電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本的社會共(gong)識。企業(ye)電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本不(bu)僅僅是(shi)當期企業(ye)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)支(zhi)出（即電(dian)(dian)費(fei)發(fa)票體現的金(jin)額(e)，基本電(dian)(dian)費(fei)、電(dian)(dian)度電(dian)(dian)費(fei)等），還包(bao)括獲得(de)電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本（主要包(bao)括用(yong)戶(hu)配電(dian)(dian)和接(jie)網工(gong)程相關投資(zi)等）和使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)力成(cheng)本（主要包(bao)括配電(dian)(dian)設施運行維(wei)護相關費(fei)用(yong)、用(yong)戶(hu)配電(dian)(dian)網投資(zi)財(cai)務(wu)成(cheng)本、預(yu)繳電(dian)(dian)費(fei)財(cai)務(wu)成(cheng)本等）。

降(jiang)低企(qi)(qi)業(ye)電力成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)需(xu)要綜(zong)合施(shi)策，不(bu)應僅僅盯(ding)在降(jiang)低電費(fei)發票上的金額。上述(shu)三類(lei)電力成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)性質不(bu)同，對(dui)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)經營和投融資(zi)能力影(ying)響機制不(bu)同，需(xu)要的對(dui)應政策措施(shi)和市場工具(ju)不(bu)同。降(jiang)低企(qi)(qi)業(ye)電力成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)需(xu)要從體制機制創新、供給(gei)側和需(xu)求側協同發展、產(chan)融深度結合等多方(fang)(fang)面發力，結合各地實際(ji)提出綜(zong)合方(fang)(fang)案和措施(shi)建議。

5、如何挖掘和發揮好萬億元規模的存量用戶側配電資產的價值？

鼓勵民間資本投資，盤活社(she)會存量資產(chan)，是應對(dui)我國經(jing)濟下(xia)行(xing)壓力，確保我國經(jing)濟穩中(zhong)向好(hao)、長期向好(hao)的重要舉措。用戶(hu)側配電資產(chan)是一(yi)類潛在價(jia)值很高的沉淀(dian)資產(chan)。

用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)是指主要(yao)(yao)由地(di)方政府(fu)(fu)、非傳(chuan)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)投資(zi)運(yun)營，主要(yao)(yao)分布在“用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)圍墻(qiang)”內(nei)，保障限定(ding)區域(yu)內(nei)企(qi)業(ye)群組用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)主要(yao)(yao)以開(kai)(kai)發區配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、大(da)型工(gong)程(cheng)項目的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)套(tao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)、商業(ye)綜合體配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)等形式存在。根據(ju)2018年工(gong)信(xin)部運(yun)行局開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)的(de)(de)降(jiang)低(di)一般工(gong)商業(ye)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價10%調研所(suo)得(de)數據(ju)測算(suan)，全國(guo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)規模超過八(ba)萬億(yi)元(yuan)，初步估計(ji)各省的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)規模超過兩(liang)千億(yi)元(yuan)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)(ce)配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)長期游離于現有配(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)管(guan)理體系之(zhi)外，傳(chuan)統電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)企(qi)業(ye)“鞭長莫及”，這一方面(mian)(mian)造成了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)改紅(hong)利和降(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價成果(guo)難(nan)以傳(chuan)導到最終用(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，另(ling)一方面(mian)(mian)也(ye)造成這些(xie)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)本(ben)身質量與(yu)標準、所(suo)提供(gong)的(de)(de)服務得(de)不(bu)到及時有效(xiao)的(de)(de)管(guan)理與(yu)指導，影響了資(zi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)效(xiao)率與(yu)服務效(xiao)果(guo)，同(tong)時也(ye)造成大(da)量的(de)(de)社會資(zi)本(ben)投資(zi)沉淀，增加了地(di)方政府(fu)(fu)和相(xiang)關(guan)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)債務負擔。

因此，希望各地政府、資(zi)(zi)本方和戰略(lve)投資(zi)(zi)方能夠(gou)充分認識用戶側配電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產，采取城市配電(dian)資(zi)(zi)產管(guan)理公司的(de)模式，利用“資(zi)(zi)本+技術+服(fu)務”的(de)理念挖(wa)掘其潛在價值。