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CSPPLAZA光熱發電網訊：近年來，我國清潔能源產業不斷發展壯大，已成為推動能源轉型發展的重要力量。但是，清潔能源發展不平衡不充分的矛盾也日益突顯，特別是消納問題突出，已嚴重制約行業健康可持續發展。

為解決清(qing)潔能源(yuan)消納(na)問題，建立清(qing)潔能源(yuan)消納(na)的長效(xiao)機制，2018年(nian)10月30日(ri)，國(guo)家(jia)發展改(gai)革委、國(guo)家(jia)能源(yuan)局制定了《清(qing)潔能源(yuan)消納(na)行(xing)動(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)（2018-2020年(nian)）》（簡稱“行(xing)動(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)”），并于(yu)今日(ri)就《行(xing)動(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)》通過答記者(zhe)問的方式進行(xing)了進一步(bu)的解讀。

提升消納能力重點在于挖掘調峰潛力

《行動計劃》指出，提(ti)升系統的(de)清潔(jie)能(neng)源消納能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，重點在于(yu)挖掘調(diao)(diao)峰潛力(li)(li)(li)，提(ti)升系統的(de)調(diao)(diao)節能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，直(zhi)接(jie)途徑包括(kuo)新建抽水蓄能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)、大型龍頭水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等(deng)靈活性調(diao)(diao)節電(dian)(dian)(dian)源以及(ji)儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)等(deng)。同時(shi)，我國(guo)“三北(bei)”地區供熱機(ji)(ji)組與自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)機(ji)(ji)組規(gui)模較大，可(ke)以通過(guo)實施火電(dian)(dian)(dian)靈活性改(gai)造、引導自備電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)參(can)與系統調(diao)(diao)峰等(deng)方式，提(ti)升系統的(de)調(diao)(diao)節能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)。此(ci)外，在實際(ji)調(diao)(diao)度(du)運行過(guo)程中，應當核定火電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)組的(de)最(zui)小(xiao)技術出力(li)(li)(li)率和最(zui)小(xiao)開(kai)機(ji)(ji)方式，確保調(diao)(diao)峰能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)得(de)到(dao)充分(fen)利用(yong)。

與此同時，《行動計劃》從電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開(kai)發(fa)布局優化、市場(chang)改革調控、宏觀政策引導、電(dian)(dian)網基礎設施(shi)完(wan)善(shan)、電(dian)(dian)力系(xi)統調節能力提(ti)升、電(dian)(dian)力消費方(fang)式變革、考核與監管等7個方(fang)面，提(ti)出(chu)了28項具體措施(shi)：

一(yi)是從(cong)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)展(zhan)規劃、投(tou)產進(jin)度(du)(du)(du)、煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有(you)序清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)發(fa)展(zhan)等方面(mian)進(jin)一(yi)步優化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)布局，合(he)理控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)開(kai)發(fa)節(jie)(jie)奏(zou)；二是從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)中長期交易、清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)跨省區市場(chang)交易、現貨(huo)交易、輔助服務補償(chang)機制(zhi)等方面(mian)加快電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)市場(chang)化改(gai)革(ge)，發(fa)揮市場(chang)調節(jie)(jie)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)；三是從(cong)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)配額制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、非水(shui)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價政策、清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)優先(xian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)度(du)(du)(du)、可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)法修訂等方面(mian)加強(qiang)宏(hong)觀政策引導，形成有(you)利于清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納的(de)體制(zhi)機制(zhi)；四是從(cong)火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)靈(ling)活性改(gai)造、火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)最小出力(li)(li)(li)與開(kai)機方式(shi)核(he)定、自(zi)備電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠調峰(feng)、可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)功(gong)率(lv)預測等方面(mian)深(shen)挖電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)側(ce)調峰(feng)潛力(li)(li)(li)，全面(mian)提升電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)調節(jie)(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)；五是從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)匯集和外(wai)送(song)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)、跨省區通道(dao)可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)輸送(song)比例、城(cheng)鄉(xiang)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)建設、多(duo)種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)聯合(he)調度(du)(du)(du)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行(xing)管理等角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)完善電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)基礎設施，充(chong)分發(fa)揮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配置平臺作(zuo)用(yong)；六是從(cong)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)綠色(se)消費(fei)模式(shi)、可(ke)(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)就近(jin)高(gao)效利用(yong)、儲能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)技術發(fa)展(zhan)、北方地(di)區清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)取暖、需求側(ce)響應等角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)促進(jin)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)網(wang)荷儲互動，積(ji)極推進(jin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)消費(fei)方式(shi)變革(ge)；七是從(cong)清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)消納的(de)目標考核(he)、信(xin)息公開(kai)和報送(song)、監管督查等角(jiao)(jiao)度(du)(du)(du)落實責任主體，提高(gao)消納考核(he)及(ji)監管水(shui)平。

為充分(fen)發揮電(dian)網(wang)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)配置平臺作用，《行(xing)(xing)動(dong)計劃》針對(dui)性提(ti)出(chu)以(yi)下措施與要(yao)求。一是(shi)提(ti)升電(dian)網(wang)匯集和(he)外(wai)送清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)能(neng)(neng)力。二是(shi)提(ti)高存量跨省(sheng)區(qu)輸(shu)電(dian)通道可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)輸(shu)送比例(li)。三(san)是(shi)實施城(cheng)鄉配電(dian)網(wang)建(jian)設和(he)智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)(hua)升級，增(zeng)強電(dian)網(wang)分(fen)布式清(qing)潔(jie)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)接納能(neng)(neng)力以(yi)及對(dui)清(qing)潔(jie)供暖等新型終端用電(dian)的保障能(neng)(neng)力。此外(wai)，《行(xing)(xing)動(dong)計劃》提(ti)出(chu)研究探(tan)索多種(zhong)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)聯合調(diao)度(du)，包括研究試點(dian)火(huo)電(dian)和(he)可再生(sheng)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)聯合優化(hua)(hua)運行(xing)(xing)、按區(qu)域組織多種(zhong)電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)協調(diao)運行(xing)(xing)的聯合調(diao)度(du)單元、鼓勵(li)新建(jian)核電(dian)項目配套建(jian)設抽水蓄能(neng)(neng)等調(diao)峰電(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)。

應重視光熱發電等新型能源的調峰能力

據《行(xing)動(dong)計劃(hua)》，目前(qian)我國清(qing)潔能源消納(na)問題(ti)存在較(jiao)為明顯(xian)的(de)地(di)域和時段集中分(fen)布的(de)特征(zheng)。系統消納(na)清(qing)潔能源能力(li)(li)不足，主要(yao)體現在系統的(de)調節能力(li)(li)無法滿足清(qing)潔能源發電出力(li)(li)與實際用電負荷需(xu)求(qiu)之(zhi)間的(de)差異性。

其中，風電(dian)(dian)、光伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)等新能源(yuan)出力具有較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)波動性(xing)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)時(shi)(shi)段分布上與(yu)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)差異，如，風電(dian)(dian)一(yi)般夜間出力較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)，但(dan)此時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)較(jiao)小；光伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)出力在(zai)(zai)(zai)傍晚快(kuai)速(su)減小，但(dan)此時(shi)(shi)實(shi)際用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)正迎來晚高(gao)峰。水電(dian)(dian)出力受來水情況影響，汛期出力較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)而枯(ku)期出力有限。此外，核電(dian)(dian)考慮(lv)到經濟性(xing)與(yu)安全(quan)性(xing)，一(yi)般承擔系統(tong)基荷(he)，很少參與(yu)調(diao)峰。在(zai)(zai)(zai)以上各種因素的(de)(de)綜(zong)合作用(yong)(yong)下，系統(tong)的(de)(de)實(shi)際調(diao)度(du)運行面臨較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)困難(nan)，調(diao)節能力成為決定(ding)清潔(jie)能源(yuan)消納水平的(de)(de)關鍵。

在此前(qian)CSPPLAZA主辦(ban)的(de)2019年中國光熱(re)發電(dian)市場形勢與(yu)應對策略(lve)峰(feng)會上(shang)，浙江中控太陽(yang)能技術有限公(gong)司董事長金建祥(xiang)指出，光熱(re)發電(dian)最大的(de)優勢在于儲能，與(yu)電(dian)池(chi)蓄電(dian)相(xiang)比，其成(cheng)本(ben)只有電(dian)池(chi)儲能成(cheng)本(ben)的(de)十分之一到三十分之一，且(qie)其效率非常高，損耗(hao)很低(di)。與(yu)光伏(fu)和風電(dian)相(xiang)比，光熱(re)電(dian)站的(de)儲熱(re)系統是光熱(re)電(dian)站成(cheng)為靈活調節電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)重要保(bao)障。在未(wei)來，光熱(re)發電(dian)可以作為一種靈活的(de)調峰(feng)電(dian)源(yuan)，實現平價上(shang)網，逐步取代煤電(dian)成(cheng)為新的(de)基荷電(dian)源(yuan)和調峰(feng)電(dian)源(yuan)。

金(jin)建祥進一步(bu)表示，按照電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)，光熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站在(zai)中(zhong)午前后的(de)(de)2-6小(xiao)時(shi)內(nei)低負荷運(yun)行或(huo)者停機(ji)，為光伏讓(rang)路（光伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)站在(zai)中(zhong)午前后的(de)(de)4-5個(ge)小(xiao)時(shi)內(nei)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量占比最高(gao)(gao)，幾(ji)乎達到55%，在(zai)此時(shi)間段內(nei)，光熱(re)不應該與光伏競爭上網(wang)(wang)，畢竟光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)儲電(dian)(dian)(dian)成(cheng)本很高(gao)(gao)）；夜間是風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)出力的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)峰期間，光熱(re)應該為風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)讓(rang)路。

如果按照上述(shu)定位做設計，在技術層面上可以利用大(da)容(rong)量、低成(cheng)本的儲熱系統(tong)以更好(hao)地進行快速(su)、深(shen)度的出力(li)調(diao)節（在15分鐘(zhong)以內(nei)就可以實現20%-100%的電力(li)調(diao)節，其速(su)度比(bi)火電更快、深(shen)度更深(shen)；未進行改造的火電的調(diao)節深(shen)度只能(neng)達(da)到(dao)50%（完成(cheng)改造后(hou)可達(da)到(dao)70%），每次深(shen)度調(diao)節大(da)約需(xu)要花費(fei)一個小時(shi)）。

電(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃設計總院(yuan)副(fu)院(yuan)長孫銳也認為，光(guang)(guang)熱發電(dian)機(ji)組可以(yi)作為電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)中的主力(li)機(ji)組承(cheng)擔(dan)基本負荷(he)，也可以(yi)作為電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)中的調(diao)峰機(ji)組承(cheng)擔(dan)調(diao)峰負荷(he)。在(zai)火電(dian)裝機(ji)停批緩建的背景下，一些可再(zai)生能源特高壓外(wai)送通(tong)道沒有足夠的火電(dian)承(cheng)擔(dan)調(diao)峰功能，無法實現設計外(wai)送能力(li)。如果配置一定(ding)的光(guang)(guang)熱發電(dian)機(ji)組，就可以(yi)顯著提(ti)(ti)高電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)(tong)接(jie)納(na)(na)風電(dian)和(he)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)的能力(li)，提(ti)(ti)升清潔能源消納(na)(na)能力(li)。