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青海地廣(guang)、水豐(feng)、光富、風好(hao)，具有得(de)天(tian)獨厚的(de)清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)資源(yuan)稟賦。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)(lai)，青海清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)發展(zhan)迅猛(meng)，風電(dian)(dian)、光伏發電(dian)(dian)大規模(mo)集中并網(wang)，其波(bo)動性給(gei)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)調(diao)度(du)和(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)電(dian)(dian)量平衡帶來(lai)(lai)挑戰。國(guo)網(wang)青海省(sheng)電(dian)(dian)力(li)公司(si)開展(zhan)清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)多能(neng)互補探索與(yu)實踐，不斷增強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)運行靈活性，增強(qiang)電(dian)(dian)力(li)保(bao)供能(neng)力(li)，提升新能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)量消納水平，打造新型(xing)電(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統(tong)省(sheng)級示范區。

同一類型清潔能源、不同類型清潔能源之間都可互補

光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)方(fang)面(mian)，青海(hai)年(nian)(nian)利用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)約1600小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時，3月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)，11月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)次年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，逐小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)變率較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)。海(hai)西州、海(hai)南州兩(liang)大(da)(da)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)基地出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現光(guang)伏小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)發的天(tian)(tian)數(shu)分別(bie)是22天(tian)(tian)、44天(tian)(tian)。由于地理(li)位置不同，兩(liang)個基地的太陽能資源存在互(hu)補性(xing)，全省出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現光(guang)伏小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)發的天(tian)(tian)數(shu)降至(zhi)(zhi)7天(tian)(tian)。光(guang)熱(re)發電(dian)(dian)方(fang)面(mian)，青海(hai)年(nian)(nian)利用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)約3600小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)、3月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、9月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)發電(dian)(dian)量較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)，6月(yue)(yue)(yue)和(he)8月(yue)(yue)(yue)發電(dian)(dian)量較(jiao)(jiao)少。海(hai)西德(de)令哈(ha)、格爾木(mu)和(he)海(hai)南共和(he)光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站互(hu)補運行后，全年(nian)(nian)日等效利用(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時數(shu)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于2小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)時的天(tian)(tian)數(shu)共57天(tian)(tian)，主要(yao)集中在5月(yue)(yue)(yue)至(zhi)(zhi)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)。

青海(hai)風力發電年利用小時數(shu)(shu)約(yue)2100小時，2月(yue)(yue)至6月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)出力較大，1月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)至9月(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)出力較小。存在相鄰(lin)兩日的(de)(de)日發電量(liang)差(cha)異(yi)(yi)巨大、相鄰(lin)兩日的(de)(de)日發電量(liang)近似(si)相等而出力曲線差(cha)異(yi)(yi)巨大等情(qing)況(kuang)，逐小時出力變率較大。海(hai)西州(zhou)(zhou)、海(hai)南州(zhou)(zhou)出現風電小發的(de)(de)天(tian)數(shu)(shu)分別(bie)是1天(tian)、103天(tian)，通過資源互補，全(quan)省(sheng)出現風電小發的(de)(de)天(tian)數(shu)(shu)為10天(tian)。

青(qing)(qing)海大型(xing)水電主(zhu)要(yao)集中在(zai)黃(huang)河上游，瑪爾擋、龍羊峽、拉(la)西瓦(wa)、李家峽、公伯(bo)峽、積石峽等(deng)水電站呈(cheng)梯級分布。豐水年(nian)(nian)，青(qing)(qing)海水電月(yue)最(zui)(zui)大出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)9月(yue)，最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)1月(yue)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)內不(bu)(bu)均(jun)衡系(xi)(xi)數為0.4；平(ping)水年(nian)(nian)，月(yue)最(zui)(zui)大出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)8月(yue)，最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)11月(yue)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)內不(bu)(bu)均(jun)衡系(xi)(xi)數為0.3；枯水年(nian)(nian)，月(yue)最(zui)(zui)大出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)9月(yue)，最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)在(zai)11月(yue)，出(chu)(chu)(chu)力(li)(li)年(nian)(nian)內不(bu)(bu)均(jun)衡系(xi)(xi)數為0.17。

在青海，不僅(jin)同(tong)一類型清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)可以(yi)實現(xian)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)互補，不同(tong)清(qing)潔能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)之間也具(ju)有自(zi)然互補特性。

光伏發電與(yu)風(feng)(feng)電互補。根據(ju)青(qing)海(hai)氣(qi)象(xiang)及清潔能源發電歷史(shi)數據(ju)，出現光伏小發時，風(feng)(feng)電基本(ben)為大發或(huo)(huo)中發；出現風(feng)(feng)電小發時，光伏基本(ben)為大發或(huo)(huo)中發。這表明青(qing)海(hai)的(de)風(feng)(feng)能和太(tai)陽能資源在氣(qi)象(xiang)上具有互補特性(xing)，風(feng)(feng)光互補能夠(gou)減小新能源波動(dong)性(xing)，提升日(ri)內保證出力，同(tong)時降(jiang)低日(ri)調峰需(xu)求(qiu)，季節性(xing)出力也變得更加平滑(hua)。

水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)互補(bu)。平(ping)水(shui)年(nian)(nian)，青海境內黃河上游梯(ti)級水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)(nian)不均衡(heng)(heng)系數為(wei)0.34，年(nian)(nian)內月(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)波動較(jiao)大；風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)熱(re)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)年(nian)(nian)不均衡(heng)(heng)系數分別為(wei)0.15、0.12、0.1，年(nian)(nian)內月(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)波動相對(dui)較(jiao)小(xiao)。四(si)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)綜合后年(nian)(nian)不均衡(heng)(heng)系數下降至0.14，可有效(xiao)緩解(jie)青海水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)季(ji)節性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不均衡(heng)(heng)引(yin)起(qi)的月(yue)(yue)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不均衡(heng)(heng)問題。

風光水互補運行可平抑不同時間尺度上的電量不均衡性

青海基于太陽能、風(feng)能的(de)(de)天(tian)然互(hu)補(bu)性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)地(di)域廣袤帶來的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)出(chu)力(li)(li)平滑效應(ying)，優化集中開發布(bu)局(ju)、規模和(he)(he)配比，可使清(qing)潔(jie)能源本身的(de)(de)自然互(hu)補(bu)效益最大化，降低出(chu)力(li)(li)在各時(shi)(shi)間(jian)尺(chi)度(du)(du)上的(de)(de)不確定性(xing)(xing)。進一步(bu)利用(yong)黃(huang)河上游梯級水電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、光熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、儲能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)等(deng)可調節電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，在滿(man)(man)足合理的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)經濟性(xing)(xing)前(qian)提下(xia)，通過優化調度(du)(du)、互(hu)補(bu)運行，可平抑光伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)、風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)在年、月(yue)、日(ri)中長時(shi)(shi)間(jian)尺(chi)度(du)(du)上的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量不均(jun)衡性(xing)(xing)，以(yi)及(ji)小時(shi)(shi)級以(yi)內短時(shi)(shi)間(jian)尺(chi)度(du)(du)上的(de)(de)出(chu)力(li)(li)波動性(xing)(xing)，提高(gao)多能互(hu)補(bu)大型清(qing)潔(jie)能源系統輸(shu)出(chu)功率穩定性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效率，滿(man)(man)足省內安全可靠供電(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)平穩外送(song)需求。

年(nian)度優化調度方面(mian)，龍羊(yang)峽水(shui)庫(ku)具(ju)(ju)有多年(nian)調節能(neng)力，瑪爾擋水(shui)庫(ku)具(ju)(ju)有季調節能(neng)力。在全年(nian)總水(shui)量(liang)不變的情(qing)況(kuang)下，有調節能(neng)力的水(shui)庫(ku)可發揮“蓄豐(feng)補枯”作用，將豐(feng)水(shui)期水(shui)量(liang)蓄在水(shui)庫(ku)，在平(ping)、枯水(shui)期加大出庫(ku)流量(liang)，緩解青海電網電量(liang)不平(ping)衡(heng)壓力。

日間(jian)優化調(diao)度(du)方面，日間(jian)電(dian)(dian)量不(bu)均衡問題主要(yao)通過調(diao)節(jie)黃河上游(you)梯級(ji)水電(dian)(dian)站、光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站出力來解(jie)決。在新能源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)大發時，具有跨日調(diao)節(jie)能力的(de)梯級(ji)水電(dian)(dian)站蓄(xu)水，光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站通過儲(chu)熱(re)系(xi)(xi)統蓄(xu)熱(re)，以應對未來可能出現的(de)不(bu)利(li)天(tian)氣影(ying)響(xiang)。在連續多天(tian)新能源(yuan)(yuan)發電(dian)(dian)不(bu)足時，具有跨日調(diao)節(jie)能力的(de)梯級(ji)水電(dian)(dian)站放水，光(guang)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)站發電(dian)(dian)，以滿(man)足系(xi)(xi)統電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)量需(xu)求。

日(ri)(ri)內優化調(diao)度方(fang)(fang)面，日(ri)(ri)內多能互(hu)補主(zhu)要(yao)通(tong)過把(ba)光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量以水(shui)庫蓄(xu)水(shui)、光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲(chu)熱等形式進行轉化和時(shi)間(jian)上的重新分配來實現，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源出(chu)力更好匹配省內負荷(he)和外(wai)送需求(qiu)。光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)大發時(shi)，通(tong)過水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)蓄(xu)水(shui)、光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)儲(chu)熱、儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)等方(fang)(fang)式促進光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量最大化消納。光(guang)伏(fu)(fu)不(bu)出(chu)力時(shi)，水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)、光(guang)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)加大出(chu)力，與風(feng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)隨機出(chu)力共(gong)同滿足(zu)負荷(he)需求(qiu)，剩(sheng)余不(bu)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力通(tong)過調(diao)用儲(chu)能解決。

青海連續多年開展全清潔能源多能互補供電實踐

青海(hai)連(lian)續6年(nian)開展了(le)全清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)實踐。每年(nian)的活動時間不(bu)斷延長(chang)，范圍持續擴(kuo)大(da)，形式更加(jia)多元，既有同一類型清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源的互(hu)補(bu)，也有不(bu)同清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源之(zhi)間的互(hu)補(bu)。活動期間的清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量累計(ji)達351億千瓦時，相當于減少燃(ran)煤消耗1596萬噸，減排(pai)二氧化碳2874萬噸。多能(neng)互(hu)補(bu)不(bu)僅在全清(qing)潔(jie)(jie)能(neng)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)實踐中應(ying)用，還(huan)融入了(le)國網青海(hai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力日(ri)常保(bao)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)工作。相關經驗可概括為以下三點：

廣泛(fan)互聯的大(da)電網(wang)是(shi)基礎。青海全(quan)(quan)清潔能源供電期間，通過實(shi)施大(da)電網(wang)統一調度，實(shi)現跨(kua)省跨(kua)區電力供需平衡和備用容量(liang)安(an)排(pai)，保障(zhang)了電網(wang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)運行，促進了清潔電量(liang)消(xiao)納(na)。

充足的調峰(feng)能力(li)(li)是前提。政府、企(qi)業、用戶等各(ge)方廣(guang)泛參(can)與，最(zui)大限(xian)度發(fa)揮省間互濟能力(li)(li)、常規電(dian)源支撐能力(li)(li)、用戶側主動(dong)調節潛力(li)(li)，確保全清潔能源供(gong)電(dian)期間電(dian)力(li)(li)系統平穩運行(xing)。

先進(jin)的技術手段是關鍵(jian)。青(qing)海(hai)全清(qing)潔能源(yuan)供電(dian)實(shi)踐驗證了(le)智能電(dian)網、網源(yuan)協調運行(xing)、多能互補優化(hua)等相關技術的有效性，緩解了(le)新能源(yuan)發電(dian)間(jian)歇(xie)性、波(bo)動(dong)性強等問題。

隨著新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)、虛擬電(dian)廠、新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)汽車等新(xin)(xin)型(xing)主體的加入，電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)的物(wu)理(li)特性(xing)與運(yun)行方式發生重大變化。目前，國(guo)網(wang)青海電(dian)力(li)正在開展兼顧多場景(jing)調節與支撐能力(li)的多元(yuan)儲(chu)能分(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)區(qu)規劃研究(jiu)，積極探索支撐新(xin)(xin)能源(yuan)高(gao)效利(li)用與電(dian)力(li)保供的構(gou)網(wang)型(xing)儲(chu)能關(guan)鍵技術(shu)研究(jiu)與示范(fan)，以及多元(yuan)儲(chu)能市場價格(ge)與運(yun)營機制(zhi)，支撐政(zheng)(zheng)府完善靈活性(xing)資源(yuan)價格(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)策，全力(li)推進新(xin)(xin)型(xing)電(dian)力(li)系統(tong)省級示范(fan)區(qu)建(jian)設。